Noor Hamed
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View article: Neonatal hyperthyroidism: Distinguishing transient antibody-mediated disease from permanent genetic forms
Neonatal hyperthyroidism: Distinguishing transient antibody-mediated disease from permanent genetic forms Open
Background: Neonatal hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis, though rare, represent critical endocrine emergencies associated with significant cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodevelopmental risks. Most cases result from transplacental passa…
View article: Adrenal Disorders and Pubertal Development in Children: Hormonal Pathways, Timing Disruptions and Clinical Outcome
Adrenal Disorders and Pubertal Development in Children: Hormonal Pathways, Timing Disruptions and Clinical Outcome Open
Background: Pubertal development is tightly regulated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and modulated by adrenal glucocorticoids and androgens. Disruption of adrenal function—through hyposecretion or hypersecretion—can alter the t…
View article: Growth and Endocrine Profiles in Large for Gestational Age Infants: Comparing Outcomes Between Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Mothers
Growth and Endocrine Profiles in Large for Gestational Age Infants: Comparing Outcomes Between Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Mothers Open
Background: Large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants may develop from constitutional or metabolic influences. In infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs), maternal hyperglycemia drives fetal hyperinsulinemia, excessive fat accretion, and endocrin…
View article: Neuromuscular manifestations of pediatric endocrine disorders: A 25-Year Narrative Review of Muscular and Neurological Involvement, Clinical Reversibility, and Age-Specific Differences
Neuromuscular manifestations of pediatric endocrine disorders: A 25-Year Narrative Review of Muscular and Neurological Involvement, Clinical Reversibility, and Age-Specific Differences Open
Background: Endocrine disorders in childhood profoundly affect skeletal muscle and the nervous system through hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory pathways. Although numerous studies have explored these associations, the cumulative eviden…
View article: Growth hormone therapy in high-risk pediatric populations: Integrated growth, metabolic, and safety outcomes in SGA, preterm, and Russell–silver syndrome
Growth hormone therapy in high-risk pediatric populations: Integrated growth, metabolic, and safety outcomes in SGA, preterm, and Russell–silver syndrome Open
Background: Growth hormone (GH) therapy is widely used to enhance growth outcomes in children with growth disorders, including those born small for gestational age (SGA), preterm infants, and individuals with Russell-Silver Syndrome (RSS).…
View article: The Endocrine–Gut–Liver Axis in Childhood: Clinical Spectrum, Mechanistic Pathways, and Therapeutic Implications
The Endocrine–Gut–Liver Axis in Childhood: Clinical Spectrum, Mechanistic Pathways, and Therapeutic Implications Open
Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatic manifestations are increasingly recognized as important clinical components of pediatric endocrine disorders. Because endocrine hormones directly influence gut motility, nutrient absorption, he…
View article: Continuous glucose monitoring as a growth-preserving strategy: Glycemic stability and GH–IGF-1 axis recovery in pediatric diabetes
Continuous glucose monitoring as a growth-preserving strategy: Glycemic stability and GH–IGF-1 axis recovery in pediatric diabetes Open
Background: In pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D), chronic dysglycemia disrupts hepatic GH receptor signaling and reduces IGF-1, impairing growth velocity and height SDS. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and advanced hybrid closed-loop (AH…
View article: Dietary Composition and Endocrine Programming in Childhood and Adolescence: Implications for Growth and Pubertal Development
Dietary Composition and Endocrine Programming in Childhood and Adolescence: Implications for Growth and Pubertal Development Open
Background: Diet quality and composition modulate pediatric endocrine axes—GH–IGF-1, hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal, thyroid, and adrenal—thereby shaping height velocity, bone maturation, adiposity, and pubertal timing. Evidence from the l…
View article: Advancing Metabolic Monitoring: Continuous Glucose Monitoring Across the Prenatal–Postnatal Spectrum of Dysglycemia
Advancing Metabolic Monitoring: Continuous Glucose Monitoring Across the Prenatal–Postnatal Spectrum of Dysglycemia Open
Background: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), through high-frequency real-time glucose profiling, offers a more complete characterization of glucose patterns compared to traditional diagnostic tools, particularly fasting glucose and the…
View article: Balancing Benefit and Risk: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Physiologic and Pharmacologic Glucocorticoid Effects
Balancing Benefit and Risk: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Physiologic and Pharmacologic Glucocorticoid Effects Open
Background: Glucocorticoids exert pleiotropic physiological actions essential for homeostasis, stress adaptation, and immune modulation. However, when administered at pharmacological or supraphysiologic levels, these same hormones induce p…
View article: Maternal characteristics, milk-borne IGF-1, and neonatal growth: Insights into endocrine and developmental programming
Maternal characteristics, milk-borne IGF-1, and neonatal growth: Insights into endocrine and developmental programming Open
Background: Human milk contains a dynamic array of bioactive hormones and growth factors that extend beyond nutrition to influence neonatal growth, metabolism, and developmental programming. Among these, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1…
View article: Environmental Effects of Pre-pregnancy, Gestational and Infant Nutrition on Childhood Growth: A Comprehensive Review
Environmental Effects of Pre-pregnancy, Gestational and Infant Nutrition on Childhood Growth: A Comprehensive Review Open
Background: The first 1,000 days of life, from conception to two years of age, represent a critical period for growth, metabolic programming, and neurodevelopment. Maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy, along with infant feeding p…
View article: Vitamin D Deficiency and Infantile Rickets Worldwide (2000–2025): Epidemiological Patterns, Public Health Gaps and Interventional Insights
Vitamin D Deficiency and Infantile Rickets Worldwide (2000–2025): Epidemiological Patterns, Public Health Gaps and Interventional Insights Open
Background: Vitamin D deficiency and rickets remain persistent public health challenges affecting infants globally, despite the preventable nature of the condition. Etiology is multifactorial—encompassing limited sun exposure, inadequate m…
View article: Disentangling predicted near-adult and measured adult height in pediatric growth assessment: The impact of bone age and prediction model accuracy
Disentangling predicted near-adult and measured adult height in pediatric growth assessment: The impact of bone age and prediction model accuracy Open
Background: Assessing growth outcomes in children/adolescents often relies on predicted adult height (PAH) and near adult height (NAH), but the distinction between these and true final adult height (FAH) is inconsistently addressed in the …
View article: Acute and chronic endocrine abnormalities during and after COVID-19 infection in children and adolescents: A mini review
Acute and chronic endocrine abnormalities during and after COVID-19 infection in children and adolescents: A mini review Open
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in widespread disruptions across multiple physiological systems in children and adolescents, including the endocrine system. Emerging global data reveal both acute and chronic endocrine abnorm…
View article: Global patterns and clinical outcomes of endocrine gland involvement in tuberculosis: A comprehensive mini-review
Global patterns and clinical outcomes of endocrine gland involvement in tuberculosis: A comprehensive mini-review Open
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where extrapulmonary forms—including endocrine gland involvement—often go unrecognized. Endocrine tuberculosis (E…
View article: Pediatric hyperthyroidism and its therapeutic outcomes: A comprehensive comparative review of Graves’ Disease, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, and Hashitoxicosis
Pediatric hyperthyroidism and its therapeutic outcomes: A comprehensive comparative review of Graves’ Disease, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, and Hashitoxicosis Open
Background: Pediatric hyperthyroidism, predominantly caused by Graves’ disease (GD), is a rare endocrine disorder but has serious impacts with systemic consequences that extend beyond thyroid hormone excess. Despite the availability of ant…
View article: Genetic and acquired microcephaly in children: Integrating medical etiologies, imaging, clinical features, and prognosis
Genetic and acquired microcephaly in children: Integrating medical etiologies, imaging, clinical features, and prognosis Open
Background: Microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a head circumference more than two standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. It encompasses a spectrum of genetic (primary) and acquired (secondary) cause…
View article: The therapeutic effects of multivitamins on growth in normal and malnourished children: A systematic review
The therapeutic effects of multivitamins on growth in normal and malnourished children: A systematic review Open
Background: Micronutrient deficiencies are a significant contributor to growth failure in children worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Multivitamin and Mult micronutrient (MMN) supplementation has gained attention …
View article: Growth and IGF-1 changes in children with congenital heart disease: Evaluating the impact of cyanosis and surgical correction on somatic development
Growth and IGF-1 changes in children with congenital heart disease: Evaluating the impact of cyanosis and surgical correction on somatic development Open
Background: Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) frequently exhibit growth retardation and endocrine abnormalities, particularly in the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis. Cyanotic forms of CHD are associated with more sever…
View article: Short stature with elevated IGF-1: Diagnostic pitfalls and growth hormone therapy outcomes across etiologies
Short stature with elevated IGF-1: Diagnostic pitfalls and growth hormone therapy outcomes across etiologies Open
Background: Short stature in children is typically linked to low insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), reflecting growth hormone (GH) deficiency or nutritional deprivation. However, a distinct and diagnostically challenging subgroup presen…
View article: Macrocephaly in children: A comprehensive review of etiologies, MRI features, clinical, biochemical, genetic correlates, and prognostic implications
Macrocephaly in children: A comprehensive review of etiologies, MRI features, clinical, biochemical, genetic correlates, and prognostic implications Open
Background: Macrocephaly, defined as a head circumference >+2 SD for age and sex, is a common pediatric finding with a wide differential diagnosis. While often benign, it can signal underlying genetic syndromes, metabolic disorders, neurod…
View article: Growth hormone therapy in cardiac conditions: Implications for heart failure, congenital Acyanotic and cyanotic heart disease, and tetralogy of Fallot
Growth hormone therapy in cardiac conditions: Implications for heart failure, congenital Acyanotic and cyanotic heart disease, and tetralogy of Fallot Open
Background: Growth hormone (GH) therapy has been widely used in pediatric endocrinology to treat short stature and metabolic disorders. However, its application in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and congestive heart failure (…
View article: Comparative efficacy of HCG-based versus testosterone regimens for simulating mini-puberty in infants with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH)
Comparative efficacy of HCG-based versus testosterone regimens for simulating mini-puberty in infants with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) Open
Background: Mini-puberty is a transient but vital phase of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activation occurring during the first 3–6 months of life, essential for normal testicular development, Sertoli cell maturation, and future…
View article: Redefining Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Toward Precision, Puberty-Adjusted, and Globally Scalable Diagnostic Criteria
Redefining Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Toward Precision, Puberty-Adjusted, and Globally Scalable Diagnostic Criteria Open
Background: The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents has been historically derived from adult-based definitions, despite significant physiological differences during growth and puberty. The lack of pediatric-s…
View article: Vitamin D deficiency and impaired growth: Unraveling the key factors and pathways affecting pediatric development
Vitamin D deficiency and impaired growth: Unraveling the key factors and pathways affecting pediatric development Open
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a widespread global health concern, particularly affecting children and adolescents during critical periods of growth. This review highlights the multifactorial mechanisms through which vitamin deficienc…
View article: Redefining pediatric metabolic syndrome: Toward precision, puberty-adjusted, and globally scalable diagnostic criteria
Redefining pediatric metabolic syndrome: Toward precision, puberty-adjusted, and globally scalable diagnostic criteria Open
Background: The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents has been historically derived from adult-based definitions, despite significant physiological differences during growth and puberty. The lack of pediatric-s…
View article: Attachment styles among students at the faculty of medicine of Sfax and suicidality
Attachment styles among students at the faculty of medicine of Sfax and suicidality Open
Introduction The theory of attachment is one of the most influential theories in developmental psychology. It was formulated by British psychologist John Bowlby in the 1950s and 1960s. This theory states that early relational experiences, …
View article: Attachment styles among students at the faculty of medicine of Sfax and parental separation and divorce
Attachment styles among students at the faculty of medicine of Sfax and parental separation and divorce Open
Introduction The theory of attachment is one of the most influential theories in developmental psychology. It was originally developed by John Bowlby.This theory states that early relational experiences, particularly those with primary att…
View article: Oxandrolone therapy in pediatric growth disorders: A comprehensive review of benefits, risks, and clinical implications
Oxandrolone therapy in pediatric growth disorders: A comprehensive review of benefits, risks, and clinical implications Open
Background: Oxandrolone, a synthetic anabolic steroid, has been used in pediatric endocrinology and metabolic recovery for its growth-promoting and muscle-preserving properties. It has demonstrated efficacy in constitutional delay of growt…