Explanipedia

Context effects: discourse structure influences narrative ability in autism and first-degree relatives Open

Emily B. Landau, Kritika Nayar, Gary E. Martin, Cassandra Stevens, Jiayin Xing , et al. · 2025

Introduction Narrative, or storytelling, ability is a well-documented area of difficulty in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is an important skill that is related to social-communicative success. Evidence also demonstrates subtle narrati…

Underrepresentation of Females and Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups in Research on Pragmatic Language in Autism: A Scoping Review Open

Gary E. Martin, Sarah B. Ethridge, Maureen Butler, Emily B. Landau, Janna Guilfoyle , et al. · 2025

Differences in language use in social contexts (i.e., pragmatics, such as conversational ability) serve as a defining clinical feature of autism, which can have an important impact on social functioning and well-being in a neurotypical soc…

Correction: Common-variant associations with fragile X syndrome Open

James J. Crowley, Jin Szatkiewicz, Anna K. Kähler, NaEshia Ancalade, Stephanie N. Giamberardino , et al. · 2025

Prosodic Differences in Women with the FMR1 Premutation: Subtle Expression of Autism-Related Phenotypes Through Speech Open

Joseph C. Y. Lau, Janna Guilfoyle, Stephanie Crawford, GJ Johnson, Emily B. Landau , et al. · 2025

Evidence suggests that carriers of FMR1 mutations (e.g., fragile X syndrome and the FMR1 premutation) may demonstrate specific phenotypic patterns shared with autism (AU), particularly in the domain of pragmatic language, which involves th…

Narrative Ability in Autism and First-Degree Relatives Open

Kritika Nayar, Emily B. Landau, Gary E. Martin, Cassandra J. Stevens, Jiayin Xing , et al. · 2024

Narrative is an important communication skill for sharing personal experiences and connecting with others. Narrative skills are often impacted in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and have important consequences for social interactions and re…

Insight and Recommendations for Fragile X-Premutation-Associated Conditions from the Fifth International Conference on FMR1 Premutation Open

Flora Tassone, Dragana Protić, Emily G. Allen, Alison D. Archibald, Anna Baud , et al. · 2023

The premutation of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene is characterized by an expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeats (55 to 200 CGGs) in the 5’ untranslated region and increased levels of FMR1 mRNA. Molecular mechan…

A longitudinal investigation of pragmatic language across contexts in autism and related neurodevelopmental conditions Open

Gary E. Martin, Michelle Lee, Klinton Bicknell, Adam Goodkind, Nell Maltman , et al. · 2023

Background Pragmatic language, or the use of language in social contexts, is a critical skill in daily life, supporting social interactions and the development of meaningful social relationships. Pragmatic language is universally impacted …

Insight and Recommendations for Fragile X Premutation Associated Conditions from the 5th International Conference on <em>FMR1</em> Premutation Open

Flora Tassone, Dragana Protić, Emily G. Allen, Alison D. Archibald, Anna Baud , et al. · 2023

The premutation of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene is characterized by an expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeats (55 to 200 CGGs) in the 5' untranslated region, and increased levels of FMR1 mRNA. Molecular …

A profile of prosodic speech differences in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and first-degree relatives Open

Shivani Patel, Emily B. Landau, Gary E. Martin, Claire Rayburn, Saadia Elahi , et al. · 2023

Overlapping areas of expressive prosody differences were identified in ASD and parents, providing evidence that prosody is an important language-related ability that may be impacted by genetic risk of ASD.

Differences in speech articulatory timing and associations with pragmatic language ability in autism Open

Joseph C. Y. Lau, Molly Losh, Marisha Speights · 2023

Together, results suggest a complex relationship where subtle differences in articulatory timing may result in atypical acoustic signals, and serve as a distal mechanistic contributor to pragmatic language ability ASD.

Slower Peak Pupillary Response to Emotional Faces in Parents of Autistic Individuals Open

Abigail L. Hogan, Molly Winston, Jamie Barstein, Molly Losh · 2022

Background Atypical autonomic arousal has been consistently documented in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is thought to contribute to the social-communication phenotype of ASD. Some evidence suggests that clinically unaffected first-deg…

A cross-cultural study of visual attention in autism spectrum disorder Open

Kritika Nayar, Xin Kang, Molly Winston, Patrick C. M. Wong, Molly Losh · 2022

Differences in visual attention have been documented in ASD, and appear linked to clinical symptoms. However, most research has been conducted in Western cultures. Because striking differences in visual attention patterns have been documen…

Verbal entrainment in autism spectrum disorder and first-degree relatives Open

Shivani Patel, Jennifer Cole, Joseph C. Y. Lau, Gabrielle Fragnito, Molly Losh · 2022

Entrainment, the unconscious process leading to coordination between communication partners, is an important dynamic human behavior that helps us connect with one another. Difficulty developing and sustaining social connections is a hallma…

One size does not fit all for parent-mediated autism interventions: A randomized clinical trial Open

Megan Y. Roberts, Bailey J. Sone, Maranda Jones, Jeffrey Grauzer, Laura Sudec , et al. · 2022

Coaching parents to use language facilitation strategies improves long-term language outcomes for autistic children. To optimize parent-mediated interventions, more studies need to explore factors that influence parents’ learning. This stu…

Cross-linguistic patterns of speech prosodic differences in autism: A machine learning study Open

Joseph C. Y. Lau, Shivani Patel, Xin Kang, Kritika Nayar, Gary E. Martin , et al. · 2022

Differences in speech prosody are a widely observed feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, it is unclear how prosodic differences in ASD manifest across different languages that demonstrate cross-linguistic variability in pros…

Neural Processing of Speech Sounds in ASD and First-Degree Relatives Open

Shivani Patel, Molly Winston, Janna Guilfoyle, Trent Nicol, Gary E. Martin , et al. · 2022

A constellation of eye-tracking measures reveals social attention differences in ASD and the broad autism phenotype Open

Kritika Nayar, Frederick Shic, Molly Winston, Molly Losh · 2022

Familiality of visual perceptual styles: Local and global visual processing in autism and first-degree relatives Open

Kritika Nayar, Frederick Shic, Molly Winston, Cassandra J. Stevens, Janna Guilfoyle , et al. · 2022

Background: Individuals with ASD often demonstrate a local visual processing bias, with some evidence showing concurrent impaired global processing. Atypicalities in global visual processing are associated with increased ASD symptom severi…

Childhood Academic Performance: A Potential Marker of Genetic Liability to Autism Open

Janna Guilfoyle, Molly Winston, John Sideris, Gary E. Martin, Kritika Nayar , et al. · 2022

A Longitudinal Study of Parent-Child Interactions and Language Outcomes in Fragile X Syndrome and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders Open

Lauren Bush, Gary E. Martin, Emily B. Landau, Molly Losh · 2021

Difficulties with pragmatic language (i.e., language in social contexts, such as conversational ability) are a noted characteristic of the language profiles of both fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), conditions wh…

A Constellation of Eye-Tracking Measures Reveals Social Attention Differences in ASD and the Broad Autism Phenotype Open

Kritika Nayar, Frederick Shic, Molly Winston, Molly Losh · 2021

Background : Social attention differences, expressed through gaze patterns, have been documented in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with subtle differences also reported among first-degree relatives, suggesting a shared genetic link. Findi…

The Phenotypic Profile Associated With the FMR1 Premutation in Women: An Investigation of Clinical-Behavioral, Social-Cognitive, and Executive Abilities Open

Nell Maltman, Janna Guilfoyle, Kritika Nayar, Gary E. Martin, Molly Winston , et al. · 2021

The FMR1 gene in its premutation (PM) state has been linked to a range of clinical and subclinical phenotypes among FMR1 PM carriers, including some subclinical traits associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study attempted to…

A cross-cultural study showing deficits in gaze-language coordination during rapid automatized naming among individuals with ASD Open

Kritika Nayar, Xin Kang, Jiayin Xing, Peter C. Gordon, Patrick C. M. Wong , et al. · 2021

Childhood Academic Performance: A Potential Marker of Genetic Liability to Autism Open

Janna Guilfoyle, Molly Winston, John Sideris, Gary E Marin, Kritika Nayar , et al. · 2021

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable, genetically complex neurodevelopmental disorder. Genetic liability is often expressed among relatives through subclinical, genetically meaningful traits, or endophenotypes. …

Common-variant associations with fragile X syndrome Open

James J. Crowley, Jin Szatkiewicz, Anna K. Kähler, Paola Giusti‐Rodríguez, NaEshia Ancalade , et al. · 2021

Fragile X syndrome is rare but a prominent cause of intellectual disability. It is usually caused by a de novo mutation that occurs on multiple haplotypes and thus would not be expected to be detectible using genome-wide association (GWA).…

Emergence of Developmental Delay in Infants and Toddlers With an <i>FMR1</i> Mutation Open

Anne Wheeler, Angela Gwaltney, Melissa Raspa, Katherine C. Okoniewski, Elizabeth Berry‐Kravis , et al. · 2021

BACKGROUND: Children with FMR1 gene expansions are known to experience a range of developmental challenges, including fragile X syndrome. However, little is known about early development and symptom onset, information that is critical to g…

A Unique Visual Attention Profile Associated With the FMR1 Premutation Open

Molly Winston, Kritika Nayar, Emily B. Landau, Nell Maltman, John Sideris , et al. · 2021

Atypical visual attention patterns have been observed among carriers of the fragile X mental retardation gene ( FMR1 ) premutation (PM), with some similarities to visual attention patterns observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and amo…

A Comparison of Pragmatic Language in Boys With Autism and Fragile X Syndrome Open

Jessica Klusek, Gary E. Martin, Molly Losh · 2020

Impaired pragmatic language (i.e., language use for social interaction) is a hallmark feature of both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common known monogenic disorder associated with ASD. However, few c…

Quantifying Narrative Ability in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Computational Linguistic Analysis of Narrative Coherence Open

Molly Losh, Peter C. Gordon · 2020

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by difficulties with social communication and functioning, and ritualistic/repetitive behaviors (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). While substantial heterogeneity exists in symptom exp…

Current Developments in the Genetics of Autism: From Phenome to Genome Open

Molly Losh, Patrick F. Sullivan, Dimitri G. Trembath, Joseph Piven · 2020

Despite compelling evidence from twin and family studies indicating a strong genetic involvement in the etiology of autism, the unequivocal detection of autism susceptibility genes remains an elusive goal. The purpose of this review is to …

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