Nicholas Herold
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View article: Projected Convective Storm Environment in the Australian Region from Two Downscaling Ensemble Systems Under the SRES-A2/RCP8.5 Scenarios
Projected Convective Storm Environment in the Australian Region from Two Downscaling Ensemble Systems Under the SRES-A2/RCP8.5 Scenarios Open
Local thunderstorms are among the major meteorological hazards in the Australian region. These storms inherently have compound impacts, including hail, flash floods, and wind gusts, and consistently cause some of the highest insured losses…
View article: MioVeg1: A Global Middle Miocene Vegetation Reconstruction for Climate Modeling
MioVeg1: A Global Middle Miocene Vegetation Reconstruction for Climate Modeling Open
Climate models require boundary condition information, such as vegetation and soil distributions because they influence the mean state climate, and feedbacks can significantly influence regional climate and climate sensitivity to CO 2 forc…
View article: Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation During the Early and Middle Miocene
Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation During the Early and Middle Miocene Open
The Miocene (∼23–5 Ma) is a past warm epoch when global surface temperatures varied between ∼5 and 8°C warmer than today, and CO 2 concentration was ∼400–800 ppm. The narrowing/closing of the tropical ocean gateways and widening of high‐la…
View article: Climate Extremes in the New Zealand Region: Mechanisms, Impacts and Attribution
Climate Extremes in the New Zealand Region: Mechanisms, Impacts and Attribution Open
As global surface temperatures have increased with human‐induced climate change, notable compound climate extremes in the New Zealand (NZ) region associated with atmospheric heatwaves (AHWs) and marine heatwaves (MHWs) have occurred in the…
View article: Recent Changes in Mean and Extreme Temperature and Precipitation in the Western Pacific Islands
Recent Changes in Mean and Extreme Temperature and Precipitation in the Western Pacific Islands Open
Trends in mean and extreme annual and seasonal temperature and precipitation over the 1951–2015 period were calculated for 57 stations in 20 western Pacific Ocean island countries and territories. The extremes indices are those of the Worl…
View article: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Influence on the Annual Mean Intertropical Convergence Zone Location in the Miocene
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Influence on the Annual Mean Intertropical Convergence Zone Location in the Miocene Open
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) has an annual mean location north of the equator today. The factors determining this location and the evolution to its modern state are actively debated. Here we investigate how the Atlantic Meridi…
View article: Observed Global Changes in Sector‐Relevant Climate Extremes Indices—An Extension to HadEX3
Observed Global Changes in Sector‐Relevant Climate Extremes Indices—An Extension to HadEX3 Open
Global gridded data sets of observed extremes indices underpin assessments of changes in climate extremes. However, similar efforts to enable the assessment of indices relevant to different sectors of society have been missing. Here we pre…
View article: Opportunistic Model Intercomparison of the Miocene Ocean Circulation – MioMIP
Opportunistic Model Intercomparison of the Miocene Ocean Circulation – MioMIP Open
During the Miocene epoch (~23-5 Ma), the Earth experienced a notably warmer climate, with global surface temperatures ranging approximately 4°C to 8°C higher than pre-industrial levels, accompanied by atmospheric CO2 concentratio…
View article: Changes in sector-specific climate indices: an extension to HadEX3
Changes in sector-specific climate indices: an extension to HadEX3 Open
Extreme events have widespread impacts across human health, our infrastructure, and the natural environment. So far there has not been a global product which presents climate indices relevant for different sectors of our society, including…
View article: Land surface conductance linked to precipitation: Co‐evolution of vegetation and climate in Earth system models
Land surface conductance linked to precipitation: Co‐evolution of vegetation and climate in Earth system models Open
Vegetation and precipitation are known to fundamentally influence each other. However, this interdependence is not fully represented in climate models because the characteristics of land surface (canopy) conductance to water vapor and CO 2…
View article: A Model‐Data Comparison of the Hydrological Response to Miocene Warmth: Leveraging the MioMIP1 Opportunistic Multi‐Model Ensemble
A Model‐Data Comparison of the Hydrological Response to Miocene Warmth: Leveraging the MioMIP1 Opportunistic Multi‐Model Ensemble Open
The Miocene (23.03–5.33 Ma) is recognized as a period with close to modern‐day paleogeography, yet a much warmer climate. With large uncertainties in future hydroclimate projections, Miocene conditions illustrate a potential future analog …
View article: A model-data comparison of the hydrological response to Miocene warmth: leveraging the MioMIP1 opportunistic multi-model ensemble
A model-data comparison of the hydrological response to Miocene warmth: leveraging the MioMIP1 opportunistic multi-model ensemble Open
Supporting information for manuscript titled "A model-data comparison of the hydrological response to Miocene warmth: leveraging the MioMIP1 opportunistic multi-model ensemble" Datasets S1. Early to Middle Miocene NetCDF files: E2MMIO280.n…
View article: A model-data comparison of the hydrological response to Miocene warmth: leveraging the MioMIP1 opportunistic multi-model ensemble
A model-data comparison of the hydrological response to Miocene warmth: leveraging the MioMIP1 opportunistic multi-model ensemble Open
Supporting information for manuscript titled "A model-data comparison of the hydrological response to Miocene warmth: leveraging the MioMIP1 opportunistic multi-model ensemble" Datasets S1. Early to Middle Miocene NetCDF files: E2MMIO280.n…
View article: Evaluation of Convective Environments in the NARCliM Regional Climate Modeling System for Australia
Evaluation of Convective Environments in the NARCliM Regional Climate Modeling System for Australia Open
Severe thunderstorms lead to multiple hazards including torrential precipitation, flash flood, hail, lightning, and wind gusts. The meso- to micro-scale nature of thunderstorms impose great challenges from understanding individual storm dy…
View article: Future population exposure to Australian heatwaves
Future population exposure to Australian heatwaves Open
Heatwaves are Australia’s deadliest natural hazard. Anthropogenic climate change has increased the intensity, frequency and duration of heatwaves over Australia in the past several decades and these trends are projected to worsen in the fu…
View article: Simulating Miocene Warmth: Insights From an Opportunistic Multi‐Model Ensemble (MioMIP1)
Simulating Miocene Warmth: Insights From an Opportunistic Multi‐Model Ensemble (MioMIP1) Open
The Miocene epoch, spanning 23.03–5.33 Ma, was a dynamic climate of sustained, polar amplified warmth. Miocene atmospheric CO 2 concentrations are typically reconstructed between 300 and 600 ppm and were potentially higher during the Mioce…
View article: Simulating Miocene warmth: insights from an opportunistic Multi-Model ensemble (MioMIP1)
Simulating Miocene warmth: insights from an opportunistic Multi-Model ensemble (MioMIP1) Open
Addition to Dataset S1 of the version 1.0.0 supporting information for Simulating Miocene warmth: insights from an opportunistic Multi-Model ensemble (MioMIP1) "miocene_veg_2x2.nc" is the original land surface data used to make the Communi…
View article: Simulating Miocene warmth: insights from an opportunistic Multi-Model ensemble (MioMIP1)
Simulating Miocene warmth: insights from an opportunistic Multi-Model ensemble (MioMIP1) Open
Supporting Information for Simulating Miocene warmth: insights from an opportunistic Multi-Model ensemble (MioMIP1) Table S1: New synthesis of global terrestrial MATs generated for the Middle Miocene. Table S2: Miocene SST reconstructions.…
View article: Projected changes in the frequency of climate extremes over southeast Australia
Projected changes in the frequency of climate extremes over southeast Australia Open
Most studies evaluating future changes in climate extremes over Australia have examined events that occur once or more each year. However, it is extremes that occur less frequently than this that generally have the largest impacts on secto…
View article: Development of an Updated Global Land In Situ‐Based Data Set of Temperature and Precipitation Extremes: HadEX3
Development of an Updated Global Land In Situ‐Based Data Set of Temperature and Precipitation Extremes: HadEX3 Open
We present the second update to a data set of gridded land‐based temperature and precipitation extremes indices: HadEX3. This consists of 17 temperature and 12 precipitation indices derived from daily, in situ observations and recommended …
View article: Recent Changes in Mean and Extreme Temperature and Precipitation in the Western Pacific Islands
Recent Changes in Mean and Extreme Temperature and Precipitation in the Western Pacific Islands Open
Trends in mean and extreme annual and seasonal temperature and precipitation over the 1951–2015 period were calculated for 57 stations in 20 western Pacific Ocean island countries and territories. The extremes indices are those of the Worl…
View article: The Tax System and Corporate Payout Policies
The Tax System and Corporate Payout Policies Open
In this thesis, I examine how corporate taxes, dividend taxes, personal income taxes, and consumption taxes affect corporate payout behaviour. Using rich international panel data that consist of 40,609 firms across 115 countries from 1999 …
View article: A New Daily Observational Record from Grytviken, South Georgia: Exploring Twentieth-Century Extremes in the South Atlantic
A New Daily Observational Record from Grytviken, South Georgia: Exploring Twentieth-Century Extremes in the South Atlantic Open
The sparse nature of observational records across the mid- to high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere limits the ability to place late-twentieth-century environmental changes in the context of long-term (multidecadal and centennial) vari…
View article: Greater increases in temperature extremes in low versus high income countries
Greater increases in temperature extremes in low versus high income countries Open
It is commonly expected that the world’s lowest income countries will face some of the worst impacts of global warming, despite contributing the least to greenhouse gas emissions. Using global atmospheric reanalyses we show that the world’…
View article: Temperature and precipitation extremes in century‐long gridded observations, reanalyses, and atmospheric model simulations
Temperature and precipitation extremes in century‐long gridded observations, reanalyses, and atmospheric model simulations Open
Knowledge about long‐term changes in climate extremes is vital to better understand multidecadal climate variability and long‐term changes and to place today's extreme events in a historical context. While global changes in temperature and…
View article: The influence of soil moisture deficits on Australian heatwaves
The influence of soil moisture deficits on Australian heatwaves Open
© 2016 IOP Publishing Ltd. Several regions of Australia are projected to experience an increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of heatwaves (HWs) under future climate change. The large-scale dynamics of HWs are well understood, h…
View article: Late Cenozoic surface uplift of the southern Sierra Nevada (California, USA): A paleoclimate perspective on lee-side stable isotope paleoaltimetry
Late Cenozoic surface uplift of the southern Sierra Nevada (California, USA): A paleoclimate perspective on lee-side stable isotope paleoaltimetry Open
Late Cenozoic surface uplift of the southern Sierra Nevada (Sierra; California, United States) is widely debated. Recent interpretations of lee-side isotope records from the southern Sierra suggest that the elevation of the southern Sierra…