Naoki Sato
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View article: Impact of four-dimensional computed tomography phase number on target coverage of four-dimensional robustly optimized lung stereotactic body radiotherapy
Impact of four-dimensional computed tomography phase number on target coverage of four-dimensional robustly optimized lung stereotactic body radiotherapy Open
This study evaluated the dosimetric benefits of various four-dimensional (4D) robust optimization strategies for enhancing plan robustness in free-breathing stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). For ten early-stage lung cancer patients, w…
View article: Further evidence supporting the existence and accumulation of triacylglycerol and acylplastoquinol in cyanobacteria
Further evidence supporting the existence and accumulation of triacylglycerol and acylplastoquinol in cyanobacteria Open
Triacylglycerol (TAG) has been frequently reported in cyanobacteria; however, unlike in plants and algae, the isolation of TAG as a pure substance and its subsequent chemical characterization have proven challenging. The slr2103 gene in Sy…
View article: Topological Invariants in Higher-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamics
Topological Invariants in Higher-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamics Open
It is well known that the three-dimensional ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations possess three magnetic invariants: (M) magnetic helicity, (C) cross helicity, and (P) the mean-square magnetic potential, in addition to the fundamental…
View article: Commentary: Evolutionary conservation of acylplastoquinone species from cyanobacteria to eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms of green and red lineages
Commentary: Evolutionary conservation of acylplastoquinone species from cyanobacteria to eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms of green and red lineages Open
View article: Explicit and Implicit Graduated Optimization in Deep Neural Networks
Explicit and Implicit Graduated Optimization in Deep Neural Networks Open
Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that is used to minimize a multimodal nonconvex function by smoothing the objective function with noise and gradually refining the solution. This paper experimentally evaluates the …
View article: Scaled Conjugate Gradient Method for Nonconvex Optimization in Deep Neural Networks
Scaled Conjugate Gradient Method for Nonconvex Optimization in Deep Neural Networks Open
A scaled conjugate gradient method that accelerates existing adaptive methods utilizing stochastic gradients is proposed for solving nonconvex optimization problems with deep neural networks. It is shown theoretically that, whether with co…
View article: Explicit and Implicit Graduated Optimization in Deep Neural Networks
Explicit and Implicit Graduated Optimization in Deep Neural Networks Open
Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that is used to minimize a multimodal nonconvex function by smoothing the objective function with noise and gradually refining the solution. This paper experimentally evaluates the …
View article: Acyl‐turnover of acylplastoquinol enhances recovery of photodamaged <scp>PSII</scp> in <i>Synechocystis</i>
Acyl‐turnover of acylplastoquinol enhances recovery of photodamaged <span>PSII</span> in <i>Synechocystis</i> Open
SUMMARY Photosynthetic electron transport is carried out by the electron carrier, plastoquinone (PQ). Recently, another form of PQ, acylplastoquinol (APQ), was discovered in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 ( Synechocystis ), but its physiologic…
View article: Genomic and biochemical analyses of lipid biosynthesis in <i>Cyanophora paradoxa</i>: limited role of the chloroplast in fatty acid synthesis
Genomic and biochemical analyses of lipid biosynthesis in <i>Cyanophora paradoxa</i>: limited role of the chloroplast in fatty acid synthesis Open
Archaeplastida, a group of photosynthetic organisms with primary plastids, consists of green algae (plus land plants), red algae, and glaucophytes. In contrast to green and red algae, information on lipids and lipid biosynthesis is still i…
View article: Chloroplasts with clefts and holes: a reassessment of the chloroplast shape using 3D FE-SEM cellular reconstruction of two species of Chlamydomonas
Chloroplasts with clefts and holes: a reassessment of the chloroplast shape using 3D FE-SEM cellular reconstruction of two species of Chlamydomonas Open
Chloroplasts are usually considered spheroid organelles, but this is not the only shape of chloroplasts. The chloroplast of Chlamydomonas has been typically described as cup-shaped. However, in old studies, it was also modeled as a complex…
View article: Principles of amyloplast replication in the ovule integuments of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>
Principles of amyloplast replication in the ovule integuments of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Open
Plastids in vascular plants have various differentiated forms, among which amyloplasts are crucial for starch storage and plant productivity. Despite the vast knowledge of the binary-fission mode of chloroplast division, our understanding …
View article: FUNDAMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF SOFT ERRORS IN ELECTRONIC DEVICES EXPOSED TO NEUTRONS IN BNCT
FUNDAMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF SOFT ERRORS IN ELECTRONIC DEVICES EXPOSED TO NEUTRONS IN BNCT Open
View article: Momentum Does Not Reduce Stochastic Noise in Stochastic Gradient Descent
Momentum Does Not Reduce Stochastic Noise in Stochastic Gradient Descent Open
For nonconvex objective functions, including those found in training deep neural networks, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with momentum is said to converge faster and have better generalizability than SGD without momentum. In particular…
View article: Using Stochastic Gradient Descent to Smooth Nonconvex Functions: Analysis of Implicit Graduated Optimization
Using Stochastic Gradient Descent to Smooth Nonconvex Functions: Analysis of Implicit Graduated Optimization Open
The graduated optimization approach is a method for finding global optimal solutions for nonconvex functions by using a function smoothing operation with stochastic noise. We show that stochastic noise in stochastic gradient descent (SGD) …
View article: Genome analysis of Parmales, the sister group of diatoms, reveals the evolutionary specialization of diatoms from phago-mixotrophs to photoautotrophs
Genome analysis of Parmales, the sister group of diatoms, reveals the evolutionary specialization of diatoms from phago-mixotrophs to photoautotrophs Open
View article: Characteristics of hailfall and lightning in a splitting thunderstorm observed on May 4, 2019 in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan
Characteristics of hailfall and lightning in a splitting thunderstorm observed on May 4, 2019 in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan Open
According to newspapers, hailfall of up to 3–4 cm in diameter was observed in the afternoon of May 4, 2019 in Tokyo, Japan. The thunderstorm cell split into two during the hailfall period, with one propagating northward with hailfall and t…
View article: <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> TO-A extends the lifespan of <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>
<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> TO-A extends the lifespan of <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> Open
Clostridium butyricum TO-A, Enterococcus faecium T-110, and Bacillus subtilis TO-A are sold as oral probiotic preparations and reportedly exhibit many beneficial effects on the health of hosts, including humans and liv…
View article: Effectiveness of robust optimization against geometric uncertainties in TomoHelical planning for prostate cancer
Effectiveness of robust optimization against geometric uncertainties in TomoHelical planning for prostate cancer Open
Background Geometrical uncertainties in patients can severely affect the quality of radiotherapy. Purpose We evaluated the dosimetric efficacy of robust optimization for helical intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) planning in the prese…
View article: Bow hunter’s syndrome: temporary obstruction of blood flow in the affected vertebral artery during posterior occipitocervical fusion. Illustrative case
Bow hunter’s syndrome: temporary obstruction of blood flow in the affected vertebral artery during posterior occipitocervical fusion. Illustrative case Open
BACKGROUND Bow hunter’s syndrome (BHS) is a rare condition characterized by mechanical impingement of a vertebral artery (VA) during neck rotation followed by vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Posterior fusion is a typical surgical method for…
View article: Nested invariant tori foliating a vector field and its curl: toward MHD equilibria and steady Euler flows in toroidal domains without continuous Euclidean isometries
Nested invariant tori foliating a vector field and its curl: toward MHD equilibria and steady Euler flows in toroidal domains without continuous Euclidean isometries Open
This paper studies the problem of finding a three-dimensional solenoidal vector field such that both the vector field and its curl are tangential to a given family of toroidal surfaces. We show that this question can be translated into the…
View article: Acyl plastoquinol is a major substance that co-migrates with triacylglycerol in cyanobacteria
Acyl plastoquinol is a major substance that co-migrates with triacylglycerol in cyanobacteria Open
Various studies have suggested the presence of triacylglycerol in cyanobacteria, but no convincing evidence exists. We purified a substance co-migrating with triacylglycerol and determined its structure using mass spectrometry, gas chromat…
View article: Common carotid artery embolism treated distally with endovascular therapy and proximally with endoscopic hybrid surgery using the carotid endarterectomy technique: A case report
Common carotid artery embolism treated distally with endovascular therapy and proximally with endoscopic hybrid surgery using the carotid endarterectomy technique: A case report Open
View article: Genome analysis of Parmales, a sister group of diatoms, reveals the evolutionary specialization of diatoms from phago-mixotrophs to photoautotrophs
Genome analysis of Parmales, a sister group of diatoms, reveals the evolutionary specialization of diatoms from phago-mixotrophs to photoautotrophs Open
The order Parmales (Bolidophyceae) is a minor group of pico-sized eukaryotic marine phytoplankton that contains species with cells surrounded by silica plates. Previous studies revealed that Parmales is a member of ochrophytes and sister t…
View article: Review of: "Jan Smuts’ Theory of Holism as an Uplifting Philosophy for Philosophical Counseling"
Review of: "Jan Smuts’ Theory of Holism as an Uplifting Philosophy for Philosophical Counseling" Open
Potential competing interests: The author(s) declared that no potential competing interests exist
View article: Maximum entropy states of collisionless positron-electron plasma in a dipole magnetic field
Maximum entropy states of collisionless positron-electron plasma in a dipole magnetic field Open
We are developing a positron-electron plasma trap based on a dipole magnetic field generated by a levitated superconducting magnet to investigate the physics of magnetized plasmas with mass symmetry as well as antimatter components. Such l…
View article: Quantum-Fluid Correspondence in Relativistic Fluids with Spin: From Madelung Form to Gravitational Coupling
Quantum-Fluid Correspondence in Relativistic Fluids with Spin: From Madelung Form to Gravitational Coupling Open
This paper explores the quantum-fluid correspondence in a charged relativistic fluid with intrinsic spin. We begin by examining the nonrelativistic case, showing that the inclusion of spin introduces a quantum correction to the classical f…
View article: Existence and Estimation of Critical Batch Size for Training Generative Adversarial Networks with Two Time-Scale Update Rule
Existence and Estimation of Critical Batch Size for Training Generative Adversarial Networks with Two Time-Scale Update Rule Open
Previous results have shown that a two time-scale update rule (TTUR) using different learning rates, such as different constant rates or different decaying rates, is useful for training generative adversarial networks (GANs) in theory and …
View article: Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Venous Circulation Dysfunction Caused by Hemodialysis Shunt: A Case Report
Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Venous Circulation Dysfunction Caused by Hemodialysis Shunt: A Case Report Open
Coil embolization of causal AV shunt significantly improved the neurological symptoms of central venous disease.
View article: Effects of ferric citrate on intracellular oxidative stress markers after hydrogen peroxide treatment of human U937 monocytes
Effects of ferric citrate on intracellular oxidative stress markers after hydrogen peroxide treatment of human U937 monocytes Open
Phosphate binders, such as iron (III) citrate hydrate (FCH), are essential medications for hemodialysis patients. Some in vivo studies have demonstrated that FCH prevented induction of oxidative stress in the presence of transferrin. Howev…
View article: Relationship between the Upper-level Winds and the Horizontal Movement of Localized Heavy Rainfall in the Afternoon of Summer Days around Tokyo
Relationship between the Upper-level Winds and the Horizontal Movement of Localized Heavy Rainfall in the Afternoon of Summer Days around Tokyo Open
The horizontal movement vectors of the maximum rainfall area associated with local heavy rainfall around Tokyo in the afternoon of high-temperature summer days were analyzed using a numerical algorithm in order to investigate their relatio…