This study evaluates the effectiveness of biofiltration in treating tofu wastewater using a biofilter system with various media combinations, including OPEFB-derived activated carbon. The aim was to investigate the impact of media arrangement and activated carbon thickness on the reduction of pollutants such as pH, turbidity, colour, BOD, COD, and TSS. A series of experiments were conducted with different media arrangements (i.e., silica sand, activated charcoal, zeolite, and gravel) and varying activated carbon t…

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are an abundant byproduct of the palm oil industry, rich in lignocellulosic components, but remain underutilized due to their recalcitrant structure. Paenibacillus sp., known for lignin-degrading bacteria, was tested for its ability to degrade lignin in OPEFB by adding sucrose and ammonium nitrate as carbon and nitrogen sources. Experimental treatments included various combinations of sucrose (2.5% and 5%) and ammonium nitrate (0.1% and 0.2%) added to OPEFB substrates. Compared…

AbstractBiomass derived from agricultural waste in Indonesia is abundant and has potential as a source of renewable energy feedstock. However, analysis is needed to determine the appropriate technology to convert potential biomass into consumable energy forms. This review summarises various data on Indonesia’s potential biomass that can be used as a renewable energy feedstock. Biomass and biochar characteristics are systematically discussed, including proximate and ultimate analysis. We then summarise various bioc…

The purpose of this study was to characterise biochar produced from various carbon sources. This study was conducted using a Nested De sign with three replications. Three carbon sources, rice husk (RH), corn co bs (CC), and bagasse sugarcane (BS) were pyrolysed for 2 hours at temper atures of 400, 500 and 600°C. The three types of biochar were then analyse d on their moisture content, ash content, fixed carbon content, volatile matt er, calorific value, particle size and elemental analysis results. The results of …

This paper aimed to comprehensively review the potential valorization of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) into activated carbon and its potential application. Activated carbon is carbon processed through dual phases, including carbonization and activation. Firstly, this process converts biomass into carbon thermally with zero to little oxygen conditions. Next, the carbon needs to be activated to stimulate the formation of pores and reduce impurities. The activated carbon’s quality is influenced by the activat…