Explanipedia

First Detection of Deuterium in Venus's Extended Exosphere Open

Fabian Weichbold, H. Lämmer, Manuel Scherf, Daniel Schmid, Cyril Simon Wedlund , et al. · 2025

Venus, Earth’s twin planet, has been explored by numerous spacecraft, yet its water inventory and implications for planetary evolution remain uncertain. The deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) ratio is a key tracer for understanding the history of…

Prediction of Sulfate Hazes in the Lower Venus Atmosphere Open

P. Woitke, Manuel Scherf, Ch. Helling, Paul B. Rimmer, Martin Ferus , et al. · 2025

We study the amount, size distribution, and material composition of submicron aerosol particles in the lower Venus atmosphere 50 μ m −1 at a height of 45 km.

Prediction of sulphate hazes in the lower Venus atmosphere Open

P. Woitke, Manuel Scherf, Christiane Helling, Paul B. Rimmer, Martin Ferus , et al. · 2025

We study the amount, size distribution and material composition of (sub-)mic aerosol particles in the lower Venus atmosphere < 50 km. Our GGchem phase-equilibrium model predicts metal-chloride and metal-fluoride molecules to be present in …

Photochemical Production of Formaldehyde in Early Earth's Atmosphere as a Precursor for Prebiotic Chemistry Open

Manuel Scherf, Tereza Constantinou, Paul B. Rimmer, P. Woitke, H. Lammer , et al. · 2025

Formaldehyde (CH2O) is an important building block in forming prebiotic molecules, including sugars via the formose reaction. It is therefore regarded as a crucial precursor for the origin of life on early Earth. For this, however, it must…

Constraining Venus’ Water Loss History through D/H Ratio Observations from Ion Cyclotron Wave Analysis in the extended Exosphere Open

Fabian Weichbold, H. Lammer, Manuel Scherf, Daniel Schmid, Cyril Simon Wedlund , et al. · 2025

Venus, has been studied by numerous space missions over decades, yet its past water inventory remains poorly constrained, obscuring insights into planetary evolution and the emergence of habitability. A critical factor in understanding its…

Earth-mass planets with primordial hydrogen and helium atmospheres in the habitable zone of solar-like stars Open

H. Lämmer, Manuel Scherf, Н. В. Еркаев, Daria Kubyshkina, Kseniya D. Gorbunova , et al. · 2025

The discovery of terrestrial exoplanets within the Earth-to-super-Earth mass domain led to the question of whether these bodies developed atmospheres and what kind of atmospheres surround them. Observations at some planets within the above…

Earth-mass planets with He atmospheres in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars Open

H. Lämmer, Manuel Scherf, Н. В. Еркаев, Daria Kubyshkina, Kseniya D. Gorbunova , et al. · 2025

The discovery of many low-mass exoplanets, including several planets within the habitable zone of their host stars, has led to the question of which kind of atmosphere surrounds them. Recent exoplanet detections have revealed the existence…

Can thermodynamic equilibrium be established in planet-forming disks? Open

J. S. Kanwar, P. Woitke, I. Kamp, Paul B. Rimmer, Ch. Helling · 2025

Context . The inner regions of planet-forming disks are warm and dense. The chemical networks used for disk modelling so far were developed for a cold and dilute medium and do not include a complete set of pressure-dependent reactions. The…

Mid-infrared evidence for iron-rich dust in the multi-ringed inner disk of HD 144432 <i>(Corrigendum)</i> Open

J. Varga, L. B. F. M. Waters, M. R. Hogerheijde, R. van Boekel, Albert Matter , et al. · 2025

Contains fulltext : 318351.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

Disentangling the dust and gas contributions of the JWST/MIRI spectrum of Sz 28 Open

Till Kaeufer, P. Woitke, I. Kamp, J. S. Kanwar, M. Min · 2024

Context. Recent spectra of protoplanetary disks around very low-mass stars (VLMS), captured by the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) on board the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), reveal a rich carbon chemistry. Current interpretations of th…

A grid of self-consistent MSG (MARCS-StaticWeather-GGchem) cool stellar, sub-stellar, and exoplanetary model atmospheres Open

U. G. Jørgensen, Flavia Amadio, Beatriz Campos Estrada, Kristian H. Møller, Aaron David Schneider , et al. · 2024

Context . In this paper we present a grid of self-consistent 1D model atmospheres of cool stars, sub-stellar objects, and exoplanets in the effective temperature range 300-3000 K, including cloud formation, chemical non-equilibrium effects…

MINDS. Hydrocarbons detected by JWST/MIRI in the inner disk of Sz28 consistent with a high C/O gas-phase chemistry Open

J. S. Kanwar, I. Kamp, Hyerin Jang, Laurens B. F. M. Waters, E. F. van Dishoeck , et al. · 2024

Context. With the advent of JWST, we are acquiring unprecedented insights into the physical and chemical structure of the inner regions of planet-forming disks where terrestrial planet formation occurs. Very low-mass stars (VLMSs) are know…

Bayesian analysis of the molecular emission and dust continuum of protoplanetary disks Open

Till Kaeufer, M. Min, P. Woitke, I. Kamp, Aditya M. Arabhavi · 2024

Context. The MIRI instrument on board the James Webb Space Telescope probes the chemistry and dust mineralogy of the inner regions of protoplanetary disks. The observed spectra are unprecedented in their detail and reveal a rich chemistry …

CAI formation in the early Solar System Open

P. Woitke, Joanna Dra̧żkowska, H. Lämmer, Kundan Kadam, P. Marigo · 2024

Calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (CAIs) are the oldest dated solid materials in the Solar System, and are found as light-coloured crystalline ingredients in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Their formation time is commonly associated wi…

Habitability constraints by nutrient availability in atmospheres of rocky exoplanets Open

Oliver Herbort, P. Woitke, Ch. Helling, Aubrey L. Zerkle · 2024

Life as we know it requires the presence of liquid water and the availability of nutrients, which are mainly based on the elements C, H, N, O, P, and S (CHNOPS) and trace metal micronutrients. We aim to understand the presence of these nut…

Habitability constraints by nutrient availability in atmospheres of rocky exoplanets Open

Oliver Herbort, P. Woitke, Ch. Helling, Aubrey L. Zerkle · 2024

The diversity of exoplanets provides a vast range of potential environments in which liquid water can exist: atmospheres, surfaces, sub-surfaces. Therefore, many environments provide the most fundamental requirement for life as we know it …

Habitability constraints by nutrient availability in atmospheres of rocky exoplanets Open

Oliver Herbort, P. Woitke, Ch. Helling, Aubrey L. Zerkle · 2024

Life as we know it requires the presence of liquid water and the availability of nutrients, which are mainly based on the elements C, H, N, O, P and S (CHNOPS) and trace metal micronutrients. We aim to understand the presence of these nutr…

ÆSOPUS 2.0: Low-temperature Opacities with Solid Grains Open

Paola Marigo, P. Woitke, E. Tognelli, L. Girardi, B. Aringer , et al. · 2023

In this study we compute the equation of state and Rosseland mean opacity from temperatures of T ≃ 30,000 K down to T ≃ 400 K, pushing the capabilities of the Æ SOPUS code into the regime where solid grains can form. The GGchem code is use…

2D disc modelling of the JWST line spectrum of EX Lupi Open

P. Woitke, W.‐F. Thi, Aditya M. Arabhavi, I. Kamp, Á. Kóspál , et al. · 2023

We introduce a number of improvements to the thermo-chemical disc modelling code P RO D I M O and new theoretical approaches that can be used to better predict and analyse the JWST line spectra of protoplanetary discs. We developed a new l…

Physico-chemical Processes in Planet-forming Discs Open

P. Woitke · 2023

This thesis summarises my scientific works in the field of thermo-chemical modelling of planet-forming discs since 2009, in particular the development of the Protoplanetary Disc Model (ProDiMo). By combining chemical rate networks with con…

2D disc modelling of the JWST line spectrum of EX Lupi Open

P. Woitke, W.‐F. Thi, Aditya M. Arabhavi, I. Kamp, Á. Kóspál , et al. · 2023

We introduce a number of new theoretical approaches and improvements to the thermo-chemical disc modelling code ProDiMo to better predict and analyse the JWST line spectra of protoplanetary discs. We develop a new line escape probability m…

Mid-infrared evidence for iron-rich dust in the multi-ringed inner disk of HD 144432 Open

J. Varga, L. B. F. M. Waters, M. R. Hogerheijde, R. van Boekel, A. Matter , et al. · 2023

Context. Rocky planets form by the concentration of solid particles in the inner few au regions of planet-forming disks. Their chemical composition reflects the materials in the disk available in the solid phase at the time the planets wer…

AESOPUS 2.0: Low-Temperature Opacities with Solid Grains Open

Paola Marigo, P. Woitke, E. Tognelli, L. Girardi, B. Aringer , et al. · 2023

In this study we compute the equation of state and Rosseland mean opacity from temperatures of T~30000 K down to T~400 K, pushing the capabilities of the AESOPUS code (Marigo et al., 2022; Marigo & Aringer, 2009) into the regime where soli…

The sulfur species in hot rocky exoplanet atmospheres Open

L.J.J. Janssen, P. Woitke, Oliver Herbort, M. Min, K. L. Chubb , et al. · 2023

The first JWST observations of hot Jupiters showed an unexpected detection of SO in their hydrogen‐rich atmospheres. We investigate how much sulfur can be expected in the atmospheres of rocky exoplanets and which sulfur molecules can be ex…

Hydrocarbon chemistry in the inner regions of planet-forming disks Open

J. S. Kanwar, I. Kamp, P. Woitke, Christian Rab, W.‐F. Thi , et al. · 2023

Context. The analysis of the mid-infrared spectra helps understanding the composition of the gas in the inner, dense and warm terrestrial planet forming region of disks around young stars. ALMA has detected hydrocarbons in the outer region…

Hydrocarbon chemistry in inner regions of planet forming disks Open

J. S. Kanwar, I. Kamp, P. Woitke, Christian Rab, W.‐F. Thi , et al. · 2023

The analysis of the mid-infrared spectra helps understanding the composition of the gas in the inner, dense and warm terrestrial planet forming region of disks around young stars. ALMA has detected hydrocarbons in the outer regions of the …

Size-dependent charging of dust particles in protoplanetary disks Open

Thorsten Balduin, P. Woitke, U. G. Jørgensen, W.‐F. Thi, Yasuhito Narita · 2023

Context. Lightning can have a profound impact on the chemistry of planetary atmospheres. In a similar manner, as protoplanetary disks are the foundation of planet formation, the emergence of lightning in protoplanetary disks can substantia…

Sublimation of refractory minerals in the gas envelopes of accreting rocky planets Open

Marie-Luise Steinmeyer, P. Woitke, Anders Johansen · 2023

Protoplanets growing within the protoplanetary disk by pebble accretion acquire hydrostatic gas envelopes. Due to accretion heating, the temperature in these envelopes can become high enough to sublimate refractory minerals which are the m…

Sublimation of refractory minerals in the gas envelopes of accreting rocky planets Open

Marie-Luise Steinmeyer, P. Woitke, Anders Johansen · 2023

Protoplanets growing within the protoplanetary disk by pebble accretion acquire hydrostatic gas envelopes. Due to accretion heating, the temperature in these envelopes can become high enough to sublimate refractory minerals which are the m…

Size-dependent charging of dust particles in protoplanetary disks Can turbulence cause charge separation and lightning? Open

Thorsten Balduin, P. Woitke, W.‐F. Thi, U. G. Jørgensen, Yasuhito Narita · 2023

Protoplanetary disk are the foundation of planet formation. Lightning can have a profound impact on the chemistry of planetary atmospheres. The emergence of lightning in a similar manner in protoplanetary disks, would substantially alter t…

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