Patrick A. Forbes
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View article: The energetic cost of human standing balance and gait initiation over a range of natural postures
The energetic cost of human standing balance and gait initiation over a range of natural postures Open
Humans typically select movements that minimize energetic cost, a principle most clearly observed during locomotion. Whether such optimization of energy expenditure also governs standing balance remains unclear because its energetic cost h…
View article: The sense and control of standing balance in the presence of motor noise
The sense and control of standing balance in the presence of motor noise Open
This study reveals how the nervous system accommodates motor noise to maintain postural stability. In preferred postures, passive ankle stiffness and bilinear noise scaling naturally minimize torque variability. When challenged with artifi…
View article: Different mechanisms of contextual inference govern associatively learned and sensory-evoked postural responses
Different mechanisms of contextual inference govern associatively learned and sensory-evoked postural responses Open
Human standing balance relies on the continuous monitoring and integration of sensory signals to infer our body’s motion and orientation within the environment. However, when sensory information is no longer contextually relevant to balanc…
View article: Learning to stand with sensorimotor delays generalizes across directions and from hand to leg effectors
Learning to stand with sensorimotor delays generalizes across directions and from hand to leg effectors Open
Humans receive sensory information from the past, requiring the brain to overcome delays to perform daily motor skills such as standing upright. Because delays vary throughout the body and change over a lifetime, it would be advantageous t…
View article: Using Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation to Induce Post-Roll Illusion in a Fixed-Base Flight Simulator
Using Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation to Induce Post-Roll Illusion in a Fixed-Base Flight Simulator Open
INTRODUCTION: The illusions of head motion induced by galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) can be used to compromise flight performance of pilots in fixed-base simulators. However, the stimuli used in the majority of studies fail to mimic…
View article: Predicting occupant head displacements in evasive maneuvers; tuning and comparison of a rotational based and a translational based neck muscle controller
Predicting occupant head displacements in evasive maneuvers; tuning and comparison of a rotational based and a translational based neck muscle controller Open
Objective: Real-life car crashes are often preceded by an evasive maneuver, which can alter the occupant posture and muscle state. To simulate the occupant response in such maneuvers, human body models (HBMs) with active muscles have been …
View article: Age-related impairments and influence of visual feedback when learning to stand with unexpected sensorimotor delays
Age-related impairments and influence of visual feedback when learning to stand with unexpected sensorimotor delays Open
Background While standing upright, the brain must accurately accommodate for delays between sensory feedback and self-generated motor commands. Natural aging may limit adaptation to sensorimotor delays due to age-related decline in sensory…
View article: The Neural Basis for Biased Behavioral Responses Evoked by Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation in Primates
The Neural Basis for Biased Behavioral Responses Evoked by Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation in Primates Open
Noninvasive electrical stimulation of the vestibular system in humans has become an increasingly popular tool with a broad range of research and clinical applications. However, common assumptions regarding the neural mechanisms that underl…
View article: Unperceived motor actions of the balance system interfere with the causal attribution of self-motion
Unperceived motor actions of the balance system interfere with the causal attribution of self-motion Open
The instability of human bipedalism demands that the brain accurately senses balancing self-motion and determines whether movements originate from self-generated actions or external disturbances. Here, we challenge the longstanding notion …
View article: Learning to stand with unexpected sensorimotor delays
Learning to stand with unexpected sensorimotor delays Open
Human standing balance relies on self-motion estimates that are used by the nervous system to detect unexpected movements and enable corrective responses and adaptations in control. These estimates must accommodate for inherent delays in s…
View article: Author response: Learning to stand with unexpected sensorimotor delays
Author response: Learning to stand with unexpected sensorimotor delays Open
Article Figures and data Abstract eLife digest Introduction Results Discussion Materials and methods Data availability References Decision letter Author response Article and author information Metrics Abstract Human standing balance relies…
View article: Vestibular attenuation to random-waveform galvanic vestibular stimulation during standing and treadmill walking
Vestibular attenuation to random-waveform galvanic vestibular stimulation during standing and treadmill walking Open
The ability to move and maintain posture is critically dependent on motion and orientation information provided by the vestibular system. When this system delivers noisy or erred information it can, in some cases, be attenuated through hab…
View article: Absence of Nonlinear Coupling Between Electric Vestibular Stimulation and Evoked Forces During Standing Balance
Absence of Nonlinear Coupling Between Electric Vestibular Stimulation and Evoked Forces During Standing Balance Open
The vestibular system encodes motion and orientation of the head in space and is essential for negotiating in and interacting with the world. Recently, random waveform electric vestibular stimulation has become an increasingly common means…
View article: Stabilization demands of walking modulate the vestibular contributions to gait
Stabilization demands of walking modulate the vestibular contributions to gait Open
Stable walking relies critically on motor responses to signals of head motion provided by the vestibular system, which are phase-dependent and modulated differently within each muscle. It is unclear, however, whether these vestibular contr…
View article: Neural Mechanisms Underlying High-Frequency Vestibulocollic Reflexes In Humans And Monkeys
Neural Mechanisms Underlying High-Frequency Vestibulocollic Reflexes In Humans And Monkeys Open
The vestibulocollic reflex is a compensatory response that stabilizes the head in space. During everyday activities, this stabilizing response is evoked by head movements that typically span frequencies from 0 to 30 Hz. Transient head impa…
View article: Variance based weighting of multisensory head rotation signals for verticality perception
Variance based weighting of multisensory head rotation signals for verticality perception Open
We tested the hypothesis that the brain uses a variance-based weighting of multisensory cues to estimate head rotation to perceive which way is up. The hypothesis predicts that the known bias in perceived vertical, which occurs when the vi…
View article: Virtual signals of head rotation induce gravity‐dependent inferences of linear acceleration
Virtual signals of head rotation induce gravity‐dependent inferences of linear acceleration Open
Key points Considerable debate exists regarding whether electrical vestibular stimuli encoded by vestibular afferents induce a net signal of linear acceleration, rotation or a combination of the two. This debate exists because an isolated …
View article: The Vestibular Drive for Balance Control Is Dependent on Multiple Sensory Cues of Gravity
The Vestibular Drive for Balance Control Is Dependent on Multiple Sensory Cues of Gravity Open
Vestibular signals, which encode head movement in space as well as orientation relative to gravity, contribute to the ongoing muscle activity required to stand. The strength of this vestibular contribution changes with the presence and qua…
View article: Figure source data for "Neural substrates, dynamics and thresholds of galvanic vestibular stimulation in the behaving primate"
Figure source data for "Neural substrates, dynamics and thresholds of galvanic vestibular stimulation in the behaving primate" Open
Figure source data for "Neural substrates, dynamics and thresholds of galvanic vestibular stimulation in the behaving primate"
View article: Sensorimotor Manipulations of the Balance Control Loop–Beyond Imposed External Perturbations
Sensorimotor Manipulations of the Balance Control Loop–Beyond Imposed External Perturbations Open
Standing balance relies on the integration of multiple sensory inputs to generate the motor commands required to stand. Mechanical and sensory perturbations elicit compensatory postural responses that are interpreted as a window into the s…
View article: Electrical Vestibular Stimuli Evoke Robust Muscle Activity in Deep and Superficial Neck Muscles in Humans
Electrical Vestibular Stimuli Evoke Robust Muscle Activity in Deep and Superficial Neck Muscles in Humans Open
Neck muscle activity evoked by vestibular stimuli is a clinical measure for evaluating the function of the vestibular apparatus. Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP) are most commonly measured in the sternocleidomastoid m…
View article: Spectral EMG Changes in Cervical Dystonia Patients and the Influence of Botulinum Toxin Treatment
Spectral EMG Changes in Cervical Dystonia Patients and the Influence of Botulinum Toxin Treatment Open
Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections in the dystonic muscles is the preferred treatment for Cervical Dystonia (CD), but the proper identification of the dystonic muscles remains a challenge. Previous studies showed decreased 8–14 Hz autospect…