Patrick D. Raphael
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View article: The impact of thermal and auditory unpleasant stimulus on motor imagery in healthy individuals
The impact of thermal and auditory unpleasant stimulus on motor imagery in healthy individuals Open
Motor imagery is the ability to mentally simulate a motor task without actually performing it. Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience that involves different dimensions - sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective, and cognitive-eval…
View article: Organ of Corti vibration within the intact gerbil cochlea measured by volumetric optical coherence tomography and vibrometry
Organ of Corti vibration within the intact gerbil cochlea measured by volumetric optical coherence tomography and vibrometry Open
There is indirect evidence that the mammalian cochlea in the low-frequency apical and the more commonly studied high-frequency basal regions function in fundamentally different ways. Here, we directly tested this hypothesis by measuring so…
View article: Cochlear vibrations in mice with altered stereociliary mechanics
Cochlear vibrations in mice with altered stereociliary mechanics Open
The mechanical properties of outer hair cell (OHC) stereocilia are critical for the transduction currents that drive OHC force generation. Stereociliary properties therefore play a prominent role in shaping "active" cochlear mechanics. How…
View article: Basilar membrane vibration after targeted removal of the third row of OHCs and Deiters cells
Basilar membrane vibration after targeted removal of the third row of OHCs and Deiters cells Open
The mammalian cochlea has three rows of outer hair cells (OHCs) that amplify the basilar membrane (BM) traveling wave with high gain and exquisite sharpness. However, it is unclear why three rows of OHCs are needed to achieve this. We used…
View article: ELHnet: a convolutional neural network for classifying cochlear endolymphatic hydrops imaged with optical coherence tomography
ELHnet: a convolutional neural network for classifying cochlear endolymphatic hydrops imaged with optical coherence tomography Open
Detection of endolymphatic hydrops is important for diagnosing Meniere's disease, and can be performed non-invasively using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in animal models as well as potentially in the clinic. Here, we developed ELHnet…
View article: Hair cell force generation does not amplify or tune vibrations within the chicken basilar papilla
Hair cell force generation does not amplify or tune vibrations within the chicken basilar papilla Open
Frequency tuning within the auditory papilla of most non-mammalian species is electrical, deriving from ion-channel resonance within their sensory hair cells. In contrast, tuning within the mammalian cochlea is mechanical, stemming from ac…
View article: Two-Dimensional Cochlear Micromechanics Measured In Vivo Demonstrate Radial Tuning within the Mouse Organ of Corti
Two-Dimensional Cochlear Micromechanics Measured In Vivo Demonstrate Radial Tuning within the Mouse Organ of Corti Open
Outer hair cells amplify the traveling wave within the mammalian cochlea. The resultant gain and frequency sharpening are necessary for speech discrimination, particularly in the presence of background noise. Here we measured the 2-D motio…
View article: High-speed spectral calibration by complex FIR filter in phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography
High-speed spectral calibration by complex FIR filter in phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography Open
Swept-laser sources offer a number of advantages for Phase-sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography (PhOCT). However, inter- and intra-sweep variability leads to calibration errors that adversely affect phase sensitivity. While there are sev…
View article: Noninvasive in vivo imaging reveals differences between tectorial membrane and basilar membrane traveling waves in the mouse cochlea
Noninvasive in vivo imaging reveals differences between tectorial membrane and basilar membrane traveling waves in the mouse cochlea Open
Significance The membranes within the cochlea vibrate in response to sound. However, measuring these vibrations to study the sense of hearing has been a technological challenge because invasive techniques have been required. Herein, we des…
View article: Swept source optical coherence tomography for in vivo imaging and vibrometry in the apex of the mouse cochlea
Swept source optical coherence tomography for in vivo imaging and vibrometry in the apex of the mouse cochlea Open
Cochlear amplification has been most commonly investigated by measuring the vibrations of the basilar membrane in animal models. Several different techniques have been used for measuring these vibrations such as laser Doppler vibrometry, m…
View article: Gain and frequency tuning within the mouse cochlear apex
Gain and frequency tuning within the mouse cochlear apex Open
Normal mammalian hearing requires cochlear outer hair cell active processes that amplify the traveling wave with high gain and sharp tuning, termed cochlear amplification. We have used optical coherence tomography to study cochlear amplifi…