Paul Spence
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View article: Interannual Variability of Ocean Heat Content in the Eastern Amundsen Sea Controlled by Wind
Interannual Variability of Ocean Heat Content in the Eastern Amundsen Sea Controlled by Wind Open
Mass loss of the Antarctic ice sheet is largest in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, due to basal melting by warm modified Circumpolar Deep Water (mCDW). In this study we find that subsurface temperature variability near the ice…
View article: Antarctic Dense Water Formation Sensitivity to Ocean Surface Cell Thickness
Antarctic Dense Water Formation Sensitivity to Ocean Surface Cell Thickness Open
Dense water formation on the Antarctic continental shelf is the main process by which Antarctic Bottom Waters form and is fundamental to the abyssal overturning circulation. However, most ocean models fail to simulate Antarctic dense water…
View article: Impacts of Antarctic summer sea-ice extremes
Impacts of Antarctic summer sea-ice extremes Open
Antarctic sea ice plays many crucial roles in the physical environments and ecosystems of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. In this study, we synthesize the physical, biogeochemical, ecosystem, and societal impacts of summers with extreme…
View article: Emerging outflow of not-so-dense shelf water from an East Antarctic polynya
Emerging outflow of not-so-dense shelf water from an East Antarctic polynya Open
East Antarctic coastal polynyas are vital for Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation, thereby redistributing heat and carbon globally. The Dibble Polynya, off Wilkes Land, is recognised for its pronounced sea ice production, yet the prope…
View article: The variability of Antarctic dense water overflows can be observed from space
The variability of Antarctic dense water overflows can be observed from space Open
Around the margins of Antarctica, dense waters formed on the continental shelf are exported to oceanic depths. This overflow of dense waters to the abyss ventilates the ocean, and is vital to the global overturning circulation. Accurately …
View article: The effect of model resolution on air-sea CO2 equilibration timescales
The effect of model resolution on air-sea CO2 equilibration timescales Open
Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR) will likely play a role in aspirations to keep global warming below 2°C. mCDR methods create a deficit in dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (DIC), relative to the unperturbed counterfactual. This…
View article: Impact of Southern Ocean processes on atmospheric CO2 concentration
Impact of Southern Ocean processes on atmospheric CO2 concentration Open
The Southern Ocean (SO) is believed to play a pivotal role in modulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations, both across glacial/interglacial cycles and during abrupt climate shifts. Previous studies using coarse-resolution Earth system models…
View article: Sensitivity of Antarctic dense water formation to surface vertical resolution
Sensitivity of Antarctic dense water formation to surface vertical resolution Open
Dense water formation on the Antarctic continental shelf drives the abyssal overturning circulation, being the main process by which Antarctic Bottom Waters form. Despite its importance, most ocean models cannot simulate dense water format…
View article: Advancing Ocean Modelling Tools to Constrain Marine CDR Effectiveness by Testing Air-Sea Equilibration Timescales
Advancing Ocean Modelling Tools to Constrain Marine CDR Effectiveness by Testing Air-Sea Equilibration Timescales Open
Most Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR) methods rely on creating a deficit in seawater CO₂ concentrations and partial pressure (pCO₂), quantified as a deficit in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). This DIC deficit drives atmos…
View article: Developing a Southern Ocean Marine Ecosystem Model Ensemble to Assess Climate Risks and Uncertainties
Developing a Southern Ocean Marine Ecosystem Model Ensemble to Assess Climate Risks and Uncertainties Open
Climate change could irreversibly modify Southern Ocean ecosystems. Marine ecosystem model (MEM) ensembles can assist policy making by projecting future changes and allowing the evaluation and assessment of alternative management approache…
View article: Unlocking Southern Ocean Under‐Ice Seasonality With a New Monthly Climatology
Unlocking Southern Ocean Under‐Ice Seasonality With a New Monthly Climatology Open
The advent of under‐ice profiling float and biologging techniques has enabled year‐round observation of the Southern Ocean and its Antarctic margin. These under‐ice data are often overlooked in widely used oceanographic datasets, despite t…
View article: Closing the Loops on Southern Ocean Dynamics: From the Circumpolar Current to Ice Shelves and From Bottom Mixing to Surface Waves
Closing the Loops on Southern Ocean Dynamics: From the Circumpolar Current to Ice Shelves and From Bottom Mixing to Surface Waves Open
A holistic review is given of the Southern Ocean dynamic system, in the context of the crucial role it plays in the global climate and the profound changes it is experiencing. The review focuses on connections between different components …
View article: Euphotic Zone Residence Time of Antarctic Bottom Water
Euphotic Zone Residence Time of Antarctic Bottom Water Open
Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) transports surface nutrients deep into the ocean, sequestering them for centuries. Enhancing its biological carbon fixation could augment carbon sinks and reduce atmospheric CO 2 . Yet, it is uncertain if AABW…
View article: Developing a Southern Ocean Marine Ecosystem Model Ensemble To Assess Climate Risks and Uncertainties
Developing a Southern Ocean Marine Ecosystem Model Ensemble To Assess Climate Risks and Uncertainties Open
Climate change could irreversibly modify Southern Ocean ecosystems. Marine ecosystem model (MEM) ensembles can assist policy making by projecting future changes and allowing the evaluation and assessment of alternative management approache…
View article: Subsurface Warming of the West Antarctic Continental Shelf Linked to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation
Subsurface Warming of the West Antarctic Continental Shelf Linked to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation Open
Recent observations suggest that El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts basal melting of West Antarctic ice shelves, yet sparse ocean observations limit our understanding of the associated processes. Here we investigate how ENSO event…
View article: Closing the loops on Southern Ocean dynamics: From the circumpolar current to ice shelves and from bottom mixing to surface waves
Closing the loops on Southern Ocean dynamics: From the circumpolar current to ice shelves and from bottom mixing to surface waves Open
A holistic review is given of the Southern Ocean dynamic system, in the context of the crucial role it plays in the global climate and the profound changes it is experiencing. The review focuses on connections between different components …
View article: Reduced Southern Ocean CO2 uptake due to the positive SAM trend
Reduced Southern Ocean CO2 uptake due to the positive SAM trend Open
While the Southern Ocean (SO) provides the largest oceanic sink of carbon, some observational studies have suggested that the SO total CO2 (tCO2) uptake exhibited large (~0.3 GtC/yr) decadal-scale variability over the last 30 years, with a…
View article: Observational Evidence for a Regime Shift in Summer Antarctic Sea Ice
Observational Evidence for a Regime Shift in Summer Antarctic Sea Ice Open
In recent years, the Southern Ocean has experienced extremely low sea ice cover in multiple summers. These low events were preceded by a multidecadal positive trend that culminated in record high ice coverage in 2014. This abrupt transitio…
View article: Southern Ocean circulation’s impact on atmospheric CO2 concentration
Southern Ocean circulation’s impact on atmospheric CO2 concentration Open
In the context of past and present climate change, the Southern Ocean (SO) has been identified as a crucial region modulating the concentration of atmospheric CO 2 . The sustained upwelling of carbon-rich deep waters and inefficient nutrie…
View article: Enhanced Southern Ocean CO <sub>2</sub> outgassing as a result of stronger and poleward shifted southern hemispheric westerlies
Enhanced Southern Ocean CO <sub>2</sub> outgassing as a result of stronger and poleward shifted southern hemispheric westerlies Open
While the Southern Ocean (SO) provides the largest oceanic sink of carbon, some observational studies have suggested that the SO total CO2 (tCO2) uptake exhibited large (∼ 0.3 GtC yr−1) decadal-scale variability over the last 30 years, wit…
View article: Around and Around, Up and Down: Motion in the Southern Ocean
Around and Around, Up and Down: Motion in the Southern Ocean Open
The Southern Ocean, which surrounds Antarctica, is unlike any other ocean on Earth. It is home to the world’s most powerful currents, biggest waves, craziest ice, and wildest animals. Despite its remoteness, the Southern Ocean plays a majo…
View article: Closing the loops on Southern Ocean dynamics: From the circumpolar current to ice shelves and from bottom mixing to surface waves
Closing the loops on Southern Ocean dynamics: From the circumpolar current to ice shelves and from bottom mixing to surface waves Open
A holistic review is given of the Southern Ocean dynamic system, in the context of the crucial role it plays in the global climate and the profound changes it is experiencing. The review focuses on connections between different components …
View article: Poleward Shift in the Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds Synchronous With the Deglacial Rise in CO<sub>2</sub>
Poleward Shift in the Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds Synchronous With the Deglacial Rise in CO<sub>2</sub> Open
The Southern Hemisphere westerly winds influence deep ocean circulation and carbon storage. While the westerlies are hypothesized to play a key role in regulating atmospheric CO 2 over glacial‐interglacial cycles, past changes in their pos…
View article: Comment on egusphere-2023-390
Comment on egusphere-2023-390 Open
Abstract. While the Southern Ocean (SO) provides the largest oceanic sink of carbon, some observational studies have suggested that the total SO CO2 uptake exhibited large (~0.3 GtC/yr) decadal-scale variability over the last 30 years, wit…
View article: Review of &amp;#8222;Enhanced Southern Ocean CO2 outgassing as a result of stronger and poleward shifted southern hemispheric westerlies&amp;#8221; by Menviel et al.
Review of &#8222;Enhanced Southern Ocean CO2 outgassing as a result of stronger and poleward shifted southern hemispheric westerlies&#8221; by Menviel et al. Open
Abstract. While the Southern Ocean (SO) provides the largest oceanic sink of carbon, some observational studies have suggested that the total SO CO2 uptake exhibited large (~0.3 GtC/yr) decadal-scale variability over the last 30 years, wit…