Peter C. Chu
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View article: Spontaneous Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour in a Captive Rhesus Macaque (<scp><i>Macaca mulatta</i></scp>)
Spontaneous Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour in a Captive Rhesus Macaque (<span><i>Macaca mulatta</i></span>) Open
Spontaneous peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) are rare and often benign neoplasms in veterinary species and humans. This report describes the clinical, gross, histopathological, and immunological findings of a spontaneous malignant PN…
View article: Why We Can Approximate Spheroidal Geopotential Surfaces as Spherical but Can't Approximate True Geopotential Surfaces as Spheroidal in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modeling
Why We Can Approximate Spheroidal Geopotential Surfaces as Spherical but Can't Approximate True Geopotential Surfaces as Spheroidal in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modeling Open
Horizontal pressure gradient error is negligible in approximating spheroidal geopotential surfaces as spherical. Horizontal pressure gradient error is nonnegligible gravity disturbance vector in approximating true geopotential surfaces…
View article: Invalid spheroidal geopotential approximation and non-decomposable centrifugal acceleration from gravity – Reply to: Comments on “Horizontal gravity disturbance vector in atmospheric dynamics” by Chang, Wolfe, Stewart, McWilliams
Invalid spheroidal geopotential approximation and non-decomposable centrifugal acceleration from gravity – Reply to: Comments on “Horizontal gravity disturbance vector in atmospheric dynamics” by Chang, Wolfe, Stewart, McWilliams Open
Chang et al. (2023) (CWSM23) commented on my recent papers [Chu (2021), Chu (2023] regarding the horizontal gravity disturbance vector in atmospheric and oceanic dynamics. Their comments are incorrect. They ignored the horizontal pressure …
View article: Horizontal Gravity Disturbance Vector in Ocean Dynamics 3 4 5
Horizontal Gravity Disturbance Vector in Ocean Dynamics 3 4 5 Open
Hypothetical Earth gravitation is used in ocean dynamics since the Earth is treated as a point-mass located at the Earth center. True Earth gravitation is the volume integration over all the point masses inside the solid Earth. Subtrac…
View article: Horizontal Gravity Disturbance Vector in Ocean Dynamics 3 4 5
Horizontal Gravity Disturbance Vector in Ocean Dynamics 3 4 5 Open
Hypothetical Earth gravitation is used in ocean dynamics since the Earth is treated as a point-mass located at the Earth center. True Earth gravitation is the volume integration over all the point masses inside the solid Earth. Subtrac…
View article: Wave and current in extratropical versus tropical cyclones
Wave and current in extratropical versus tropical cyclones Open
Data from QuikSCAT, ERA5, WAVERYS, drifters, and HYCOM + NCODA Reanalysis in the northern Pacific are analyzed under tropical cyclones (TCs) and extratropical cyclones (ECs). The EC (TC) has the stable (unstable) wind directions and wider …
View article: Diurnal Variability of Ocean Temperature Off Pt. Sal, Central California
Diurnal Variability of Ocean Temperature Off Pt. Sal, Central California Open
Diurnal‐band temperature (DU‐T) variability is investigated over 30 days from measures of temperature over the vertical obtained by 78 moorings deployed in the Santa Monica Basin near Pt. Sal (PS), California. DU‐T variability accounts for…
View article: Amdoparvovirus-associated disease in striped skunks (<i>Mephitis mephitis</i>)
Amdoparvovirus-associated disease in striped skunks (<i>Mephitis mephitis</i>) Open
Disease caused by the archetypical amdoparvovirus (APV), Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV), has been well studied, but APV infections in other carnivores are poorly understood. Skunk amdoparvovirus (SKAV), one of a handful of newly discov…
View article: Horizontal gravity disturbance vector in atmospheric dynamics
Horizontal gravity disturbance vector in atmospheric dynamics Open
All meteorological and oceanographic textbooks unintentionally define the Earth gravitation outside the solid Earth through treating the Earth as a point-mass located at the Earth center containing the entire Earth mass or assuming the Ear…
View article: CCDC 2246691: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
CCDC 2246691: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination Open
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available …
View article: Necessity to Use the True Gravity in Large Scale Atmospheric Modeling
Necessity to Use the True Gravity in Large Scale Atmospheric Modeling Open
Newton’s law of universal gravitation applies between two point-masses. True gravitation of solid Earth is volume integration of gravitation of all point-masses inside the solid Earth on a point-mass in atmosphere. However, in meteor…
View article: Equine abortion and stillbirth in California: a review of 1,774 cases received at a diagnostic laboratory, 1990–2022
Equine abortion and stillbirth in California: a review of 1,774 cases received at a diagnostic laboratory, 1990–2022 Open
Reproductive failure represents an important cause of economic loss for the equine industry. We reviewed the cases of equine abortion and stillbirth submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of…
View article: Coupled model to predict wave-induced liquefaction and morphological changes
Coupled model to predict wave-induced liquefaction and morphological changes Open
A coupled hydro-morphodynamic and wave-induced liquefaction model is developed to predict morphological changes and seafloor instability. The hydro-morphodynamic model is employed to predict water level, currents, waves, and seafloor evolu…
View article: Sediment accretion in a lower-energetic location during two consecutive cold fronts
Sediment accretion in a lower-energetic location during two consecutive cold fronts Open
During the passage of two consecutive atmospheric cold fronts that migrated eastward along the northern Gulf of Mexico, currents, waves, and seafloor elevation were observed from instrumentation attached to a metal structure called 'quadpo…
View article: Newton’s law of universal gravitation in ocean dynamics
Newton’s law of universal gravitation in ocean dynamics Open
Oceanographers simplify the Newton’s law of universal gravitation, treat the solid Earth as a point mass located at the Earth’s center, and call it the “gravitational force”. Combination of such defined “gravitational force” with the centr…
View article: Retraction Note: Ocean dynamic equations with the real gravity
Retraction Note: Ocean dynamic equations with the real gravity Open
After publication of this study concerns were raised that the study is based on a flawed premise that a horizontal component of gravity is neglected in oceanographic calculations.In practice, this component can be taken to be zero, because…
View article: Reply on RC6
Reply on RC6 Open
The Earth true gravity (g) has been simplified in oceanography and meteorology into the standard gravity gs (= -g0k, g0 = 9.81 m s-2) with k the unit vector perpendicular to the spherical surface or the normal gn [= -g(φ)K] with K the unit…
View article: Reply on AC5
Reply on AC5 Open
Abstract. The Earth true gravity (g) has been simplified in oceanography and meteorology into the standard gravity gs (= -g0k, g0 = 9.81 m s-2) with k the unit vector perpendicular to the spherical surface or the normal gn [= -g(φ)K] with …
View article: Reply on RC3
Reply on RC3 Open
Abstract. The Earth true gravity (g) has been simplified in oceanography and meteorology into the standard gravity gs (= -g0k, g0 = 9.81 m s-2) with k the unit vector perpendicular to the spherical surface or the normal gn [= -g(φ)K] with …
View article: Reply on RC5
Reply on RC5 Open
The Earth true gravity (g) has been simplified in oceanography and meteorology into the standard gravity gs (= -g0k, g0 = 9.81 m s-2) with k the unit vector perpendicular to the spherical surface or the normal gn [= -g(φ)K] with K the unit…
View article: Reply on RC4
Reply on RC4 Open
The Earth true gravity (g) has been simplified in oceanography and meteorology into the standard gravity gs (= -g0k, g0 = 9.81 m s-2) with k the unit vector perpendicular to the spherical surface or the normal gn [= -g(φ)K] with K the unit…
View article: Comment on os-2022-12
Comment on os-2022-12 Open
Abstract. The Earth true gravity (g) has been simplified in oceanography and meteorology into the standard gravity gs (= -g0k, g0 = 9.81 m s-2) with k the unit vector perpendicular to the spherical surface or the normal gn [= -g(φ)K] with …
View article: Reply on RC1
Reply on RC1 Open
The Earth true gravity (g) has been simplified in oceanography and meteorology into the standard gravity gs (= -g0k, g0 = 9.81 m s-2) with k the unit vector perpendicular to the spherical surface or the normal gn [= -g(φ)K] with K the unit…