Explanipedia

Fast ground irradiance computations for agrivoltaics via physics-informed deep learning models Open

Leslie Kurumundayil, Dietrich Burkhardt, Leonhard Gfüllner, Stefan J. Rupitsch, R. Preu , et al. · 2025

Developing photovoltaic tracker algorithms for bifacial solar modules in agrivoltaic systems requires computationally intensive raytracing simulations to accurately quantify irradiation. Sunlight distribution on ground and module levels is…

Interface Topology and Wetting Dynamics of Laser‐Induced Bonds Between Aluminum Foil and Silicon Nitride Passivation in Solar Cells Open

Oliver John, Andreas Nägele, Gernot Emanuel, Jan Nekarda, R. Preu · 2025

Metallization in the photovoltaic industry relies heavily on silver, posing significant economic and supply risks for terawatt‐scale manufacturing. FoilMet ® technology offers an alternative by utilizing aluminum (Al) foil, which is abunda…

Enhancing inline quality control: Machine learning for full scale 3D prediction of screen-printed silver contacts Open

Marius Singler, M. Burgert, R. Preu, Florian Clement, Andreas Lorenz · 2025

In the production of silicon solar cells, screen-printing is the industry standard for the application of silver electrodes. With regard to fine-line printing (<15 μm), however, this process often leads to inefficient silver consumption an…

Photovoltaic Manufacturing Factories and Industrial Site Environmental Impact Assessment Open

Peter Brailovsky, Lorena Sanchez, Dilara Maria Subasi, J. Rentsch, R. Preu , et al. · 2024

Life cycle inventories (LCIs) and life cycle assessments (LCAs) of photovoltaic (PV) modules and their components focus on the operations of PV factories, but the factories and industrial site product and construction stages are either not…

Circular water strategies in solar cells manufacturing Open

Peter Brailovsky, Jascha Reich, Dilara Maria Subasi, Marie Fischer, Tobias Dannenberg , et al. · 2024

A specific material flow model and a TCO for a PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) solar cell factory with a production capacity of 5 GWp/a was set up. The first step was to collect and validate data for the cell factory. In a second s…

Overcoming Throughput Limitations of Laser Systems in Solar Cell Manufacturing via On‐The‐Fly Processing Using Polygon Scanners Open

G. Hoppe, Eduardo Alvarez-Brito, Gernot Emanuel, Jan Nekarda, Moritz Diehl , et al. · 2023

In this paper, a high‐throughput on‐the‐fly laser processing system for the manufacture of silicon solar cells is proposed. Industrial laser processing machines are systematically limited in a trade‐off between throughput and focal spot si…

TOPCon shingle solar cells: Thermal laser separation and passivated edge technology Open

Elmar Lohmüller, Puzant Baliozian, Leon Gutmann, Leander Kniffki, Armin Richter , et al. · 2023

This work shows the first demonstration of thermal laser separation (TLS) and post‐metallization passivated edge technology (PET) applied to tunnel‐oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) shingle solar cells. The shingle solar cells with 26.46 m…

Light soaking effects on full-area and half-cut silicon heterojunction solar cells Open

S. Pingel, Anamaria Steinmetz, Martin Bivour, Sebastian Roder, Ioan Voicu Vulcanean , et al. · 2023

Lightsoaking (LS) of n-type silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells is a topic that raised increasing attention of the PV industry. The treatment of n-type SHJ with high light intensity and high temperature in parallel leads to a boost in…

Plasma etching for industrial in-line processing of c-si solar cells Open

J. Rentsch, Gernot Emanuel, C. Schetter, T. Aumann, D. Theirich , et al. · 2022

Thinner wafers and the reduction of breakage losses make it attractive for solar cell manufacturers to use inline production systems. Closing the gap between diffusion and in-line silicon nitride deposition systems a plasma etching system …

Technology path to the industrial production of highly efficient and thin c-Si solar cells Open

R. Preu, D. Bíro, Gernot Emanuel, A. Grohe, Marc Hofmann , et al. · 2022

Higher efficiencies and thinner wafers are the most prominent approaches in solar cell technology to significantly reduce the Wp-price. Plasma etching, dielectric passivation, fast thermal and laser processing have been identified as key t…

SMART Cast‐Monocrystalline p‐Type Silicon Passivated Emitter and Rear Cells: Efficiency Benchmark and Bulk Lifetime Analysis Open

Stephan Maus, Felix Maischner, Stephan Riepe, Johannes Greulich, Elmar Lohmüller , et al. · 2021

Herein, boron‐doped cast‐monocrystalline silicon wafers that have been fabricated using the Seed Manipulation for ARtificially controlled defect Technique (SMART mono‐Si) are examined. Their suitability for passivated emitter and rear cell…

A model for screen utility to predict the future of printed solar cell metallization Open

Sebastian Tepner, Linda Ney, Marius Singler, R. Preu, Maximilian Pospischil , et al. · 2021

Postmetallization “Passivated Edge Technology” for Separated Silicon Solar Cells Open

Puzant Baliozian, Mohammad Al-Akash, Elmar Lohmüller, Armin Richter, Tobias Fellmeth , et al. · 2020

This article introduces a postmetallization “passivated edge technology” (PET) treatment for separated silicon solar cells consisting of aluminum oxide deposition with subsequent annealing. We present our work on bifacial shingle solar cel…

The International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaics and the Significance of Its Decade-Long Projections Open

R. Preu, Sebastian Nold, Florian Clement, K. Gensowski, Susanne Herritsch , et al. · 2020

The International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaics (ITRPV) is a leading roadmap in the PV community. Ever since its first edition has been published in 2010, the ITRPV has succeeded to provide the technology projections in crystalline …

Cast-Mono Silicon Wafers for a Sustainable PV Market Growth Open

R. Preu, S. Janz, Lorenz Friedrich, Patricia Krenckel, Peter Brailovsky , et al. · 2020

The economic and ecologic sustainability of using cast-mono silicon wafers in comparison to Czochralski silicon wafers for the production of PERC solar cells and their subsequent application in a photovoltaic system has been studied within…

Project "Rock-Star" – High-Speed Rotary Printing for Solar Cell Metallization: From Vision to Reality Open

R. Preu, Florian Clement, Edgar Dörsam, J. R. Rohde, H. Brocker , et al. · 2020

Within this work, we will present the machine concept and the first results of passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) solar cells fabricated on an innovative high-throughput rotary printing demonstrator machine which has been developed…

Front Side Optimization on Boron- and Gallium-Doped Cz-Si PERC Solar Cells Exceeding 22% Conversion Efficiency Open

R. Preu, A. Wolf, Marius Meßmer, Jörg Horzel, M. Linse , et al. · 2020

This work reviews on our industrial-oriented passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) baseline process for Czochralski-grown silicon (Cz-Si) wafers at the Fraunhofer ISE PV-TEC pilot-line. We perform several front side optimizations based o…

"Project FINALE" - Screen and Screen Printing Process Development for Ultra-Fine-Line Contacts below 20µm Finger Width Open

R. Preu, Stefan Steckemetz, K. Oehrle, Sebastian Bechmann, Maximilian Pospischil , et al. · 2019

Within this work, a new model of the screen printing process is set up in order to improve the understanding of the screen printing process with focus on the interaction between -paste and -screen. First results show that wall slip behavio…

Emitter Formation and Passivation Dependence on Crystal Grain Orientations after Atmospheric Pressure Dry Nanotexturing Open

R. Preu, J. Rentsch, Marc Hofmann, Edward Duffy, Laurent Clochard , et al. · 2018

In this work, we investigate the emitter performance of the multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) solar cell as a function of the crystallographic orientation of the grains and the associated texturing level. Here, we applied a plasma-less nano…

Bifacial shingle solar cells on p-type Cz-Si (pSPEER) Open

Puzant Baliozian, Elmar Lohmüller, Tobias Fellmeth, Nico Wöhrle, A. Krieg , et al. · 2018

The concepts of bifaciality and shingling interconnection allow for a boost in output power density pout for silicon-based photovoltaic modules. This work examines silicon-based, bifacial shingle solar cells called “p-type shingled passiva…

Rear passivated mc-Si solar cells textured by atmospheric pressure dry etching Open

Pierre Saint‐Cast, Bishal Kafle, Rahul Pandey, Ahmed Ismail Ridoy, Marc Hofmann , et al. · 2017

In this contribution, atmospheric pressure dry etching (ADE) texture is integrated into a passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) process. In order to make the texture suitable for the solar cell processing, two post-etching processes (inv…

Predicting bulk lifetime values by applying wet chemistry H-termination for inline quality control of silicon wafers Open

Saed Al-Hajjawi, Jonas Haunschild, Martin Zimmer, Tobias Dannenberg, R. Preu · 2017

The measurement of bulk lifetime values of as-cut wafers is a problematic issue. In this work, a MDPLinescan tool was directly integrated in the last stage of an inline wet chemistry tool. It is shown that running as-cut wafers through a b…

Accuracy and Significance of the Projections in the International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic (ITRPV) Open

Puzant Baliozian, J. Trube, Marcus Fischer, S. Al-Hajjawi, Raginee Yadav , et al. · 2017

With the advancement of photovoltaics (PV) in the energy markets and the rapid technological developments, the existence of planned PV technology roadmaps becomes beneficial. The International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic (ITRPV) ha…

A New Pilot Research Facility for HJT and Selective Contact Solar Cells – PV-TEC SELECT Open

J. Rentsch, Martin Bivour, D. Erath, Frank Feldmann, Alec M. Fischer , et al. · 2017

After 10 years of operation of its Photovoltaic Technology Evaluation Centre PV-TEC Fraunhofer ISE recently significantly expanded its research capabilities with the opening of a new pilot research facility for selective contact solar cell…

The SPEER Solar Cell – Simulation Study of Shingled Bifacial PERC-Technology-Based Stripe Cells Open

R. Preu, Andreas Fell, Puzant Baliozian, Elmar Lohmüller, Tobias Fellmeth , et al. · 2017

Increasing the output power density of a photovoltaic module is a reliable way of lowering electricity production costs. Besides increasing the solar cells’ conversion efficiency, a further option is lowering electrical and optical cell to…

Plasma-free Dry-chemical Texturing Process for High-efficiency Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Open

Bishal Kafle, Timo Freund, Abdul Mannan, Laurent Clochard, Edward Duffy , et al. · 2016

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Photovoltaic Development Standardizing Based on Roadmaps and Technology Readiness Levels Open

R. Preu, Laercio Rogério Friedrich, S. Kim, David Morse, Shehab M. Mourad , et al. · 2016

A technology roadmap serves as a basis for strategic planning and decision-making by providing an in-depth analysis of the progress and milestones of technologies and changing market trends and by identifying actions and time frames to ach…

Cz Silicon Benchmark for p-Type PERC Solar Cells Open

Pierre Saint‐Cast, I. Reis, Johannes Greulich, Sabrina Werner, Sabrina Lohmüller , et al. · 2016

In this paper, seven Czochralski (Cz) and one Float Zone p-type silicon materials are processed as PERC solar cells in the Fraunhofer ISE PVTEC pilot line. In order to compare materials with different bulk resistivities, the rear contact d…

Comprehensive Simulation and Acceleration of the Foil-metallization Laser Process Open

M. B. Graf, Jan Nekarda, Franciana Lazzarotto Togny, André Streek, R. Böhme , et al. · 2015

The upgrade of state of the art p-type silicon solar cell production lines to passivated rear side technology (PERC) will be one of the major trends in the next years and new production processes for further cost reduction will continuousl…

Foil Metallization Process for PERC Solar Cells towards Industrial Feasibility Open

R. Preu, André Streek, R. Böhme, Jan Nekarda, H. Nagel , et al. · 2015

Aluminium foil in combination with laser fired contacts (FolMet) as rear side electrode for highly efficient passivated emitter and rear cells (PERC) has proven a high efficiency potential of up to 21.3 % using an optimized and simplified …

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