Explanipedia

Autosomal-dominant macular dystrophy linked to a chromosome 17 tandem duplication Open

Rabiat Adele, Rowaida Hussein, Erika Tavares, Kashif Ahmed, Matteo Di Scipio , et al. · 2024

Hereditary macular dystrophies (HMDs) are a genetically diverse group of disorders that cause central vision loss due to photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage. We investigated a family with a presumed novel autosomal-do…

Age-related retinal degeneration resulting from the deletion of Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase in photoreceptor neurons Open

Ammaji Rajala, Rahul Rajala, Mohd Akbar Bhat, Mark Eminhizer, Jeff Hao , et al. · 2024

Shp2, a critical SH2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase, is essential for cellular regulation and implicated in metabolic disruptions, obesity, diabetes, Noonan syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome, and cancers. This study focuses on Shp2 in rod…

From Insight to Eyesight: Unveiling the Secrets of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis in Retinal Health Open

Raju V. S. Rajala, Ammaji Rajala · 2024

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays a diverse role in the retina, exerting its effects in both normal and diseased conditions. Deficiency of IGF-1 in humans leads to issues such as microcephaly, mental retardation, deafness, and pos…

Age-Related Changes in the Glycolytic Enzymes of M2-Isoform of Pyruvate Kinase and Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase: Implications to Age-Related Macular Degeneration Open

Ammaji Rajala, Raju V. S. Rajala · 2024

Prior studies have emphasized a bioenergetic crisis in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as a critical factor in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The isoforms Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase C (ALDOC) and py…

Unlocking the role of lactate: metabolic pathways, signaling, and gene regulation in postmitotic retinal cells Open

Raju V. S. Rajala, Ammaji Rajala · 2023

The Warburg effect, which was first described a century ago, asserts that mitotic tumor cells generate higher quantities of lactate. Intriguingly, even in typical physiological circumstances, postmitotic retinal photoreceptor cells also pr…

Atlas of phosphoinositide signatures in the retina identifies heterogeneity between cell types Open

Ammaji Rajala, Rahul Rajala, Gopa Kumar Gopinadhan Nair, Raju V. S. Rajala · 2023

Phosphoinositides (PIPs) are a family of minor acidic phospholipids in the cell membrane. Phosphoinositide (PI) kinases and phosphatases can rapidly convert one PIP product into another resulting in the generation of seven distinct PIPs. T…

The function of lactate dehydrogenase A in retinal neurons: implications to retinal degenerative diseases Open

Ammaji Rajala, Mohd Akbar Bhat, Kenneth Teel, Gopa Kumar Gopinadhan Nair, Lindsey Purcell , et al. · 2023

The postmitotic retina is highly metabolic and the photoreceptors depend on aerobic glycolysis for an energy source and cellular anabolic activities. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is a key enzyme in aerobic glycolysis, which converts pyru…

Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor mediates photoreceptor neuroprotection Open

Ammaji Rajala, Kenneth Teel, Mohd Akbar Bhat, Albert Batushansky, Timothy M. Griffin , et al. · 2022

mTORC1 regulates high levels of protein synthesis in retinal ganglion cells of adult mice Open

Patrice E. Fort, Mandy K. Losiewicz, Lynda Elghazi, Dejuan Kong, Corentin Cras‐Méneur , et al. · 2022

Ribosomal targeting strategy and nuclear labeling to analyze photoreceptor phosphoinositide signatures Open

Ammaji Rajala, Rahul Rajala, Kenneth Teel, Raju V. S. Rajala · 2022

Our studies for the first time demonstrate the expression of PI kinases, PI phosphatases, and nuclear PIPs in rod photoreceptor cells. The NuTRAP mice may be useful not only for epigenetic and transcriptomic studies but also for in vivo ce…

βA3/A1-crystallin regulates apical polarity and EGFR endocytosis in retinal pigmented epithelial cells Open

Peng Shang, Nadezda A. Stepicheva, Kenneth Teel, Austin McCauley, Christopher Scott Fitting , et al. · 2021

Regulation of Phosphoinositide Levels in the Retina by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B and Growth Factor Receptor-Bound Protein 14 Open

Raju V. S. Rajala, Austin McCauley, Rahul Rajala, Kenneth Teel, Ammaji Rajala · 2021

Protein tyrosine kinases and protein phosphatases play a critical role in cellular regulation. The length of a cellular response depends on the interplay between activating protein kinases and deactivating protein phosphatases. Protein tyr…

Loss of Class III Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Vps34 Results in Cone Degeneration Open

Ammaji Rajala, Feng He, Robert E. Anderson, Theodore G. Wensel, Raju V. S. Rajala · 2020

The major pathway for the production of the low-abundance membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) synthesis is catalyzed by class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) Vps34. The absence of Vps34 was previously found to dis…

mTORC1 and mTORC2 expression in inner retinal neurons and glial cells Open

Mandy K. Losiewicz, Lynda Elghazi, Diane C. Fingar, Raju V. S. Rajala, Stephen I. Lentz , et al. · 2020

Phosphoinositide Lipids in Ocular Tissues Open

Ammaji Rajala, Austin McCauley, Richard S. Brush, Khuong B. Nguyen, Raju V. S. Rajala · 2020

Inositol phospholipids play an important role in cell physiology. The inositol head groups are reversibly phosphorylated to produce seven distinct phosphorylated inositides, commonly referred to as phosphoinositides (PIs). These seven PIs …

The alternative RPGR isoform RPGRCONST, not implicated in X-linked RP, plays a crucial role in mammalian retina. Open

Bhubanananda Sahu, Laura Moreno Leon, Linjin Li, Wei Zhang, Manisha Anand , et al. · 2020

Increased Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein and Vimentin in Vitreous Fluid as a Biomarker for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Open

Sun Young Lee, John W. Surbeck, Michael A. Drake, Apryl Saunders, Haoxing D. Jin , et al. · 2020

Our data suggest that human vitreous GFAP and vimentin are protein biomarkers for PVR, and reactive gliosis may play a part in PVR formation.

Metabolic and Non-metabolic Roles of Pyruvate Kinase M2 Isoform in Diabetic Retinopathy Open

Ammaji Rajala, Krutik Soni, Raju V. S. Rajala · 2020

Aerobic Glycolysis in the Retina: Functional Roles of Pyruvate Kinase Isoforms Open

Raju V. S. Rajala · 2020

One hundred years ago, Otto Heinrich Warburg observed that postmitotic retinal cells are the highest oxygen-consuming cells in the body. He compared these cells to actively growing mitotic tumor cells since both cells reprogram glucose for…

A non‐canonical rhodopsin‐mediated insulin receptor signaling pathway in retinal photoreceptor neurons Open

Ammaji Rajala, Raju V. S. Rajala · 2019

We previously reported a ligand‐independent and rhodopsin‐dependent insulin receptor (IR) neuroprotective signaling pathway in both rod and cone photoreceptor cells, which is activated through protein–protein interaction. Our previous stud…

6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2 governs the metabolic flux between rod and cone photoreceptors Open

Géraldine Millet Puel, M Cordonnier, Alexandra Saint‐Charles, Emmanuelle Clérin, Frédéric Blond , et al. · 2019

Pyruvate Kinase M2 Isoform Deletion in Cone Photoreceptors Results in Age-Related Cone Degeneration Open

Raju V. S. Rajala, Yuhong Wang, Krutik Soni, Ammaji Rajala · 2019

Therapeutic Benefits from Nanoparticles: The Potential Significance of Nanoscience in Retinal Degenerative Diseases. Open

Raju V. S. Rajala · 2019

Several nanotechnology podiums have gained remarkable attention in the area of medical sciences, including diagnostics and treatment. In the past decade, engineered multifunctional nanoparticles have served as drug and gene carriers. The m…

Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor is necessary for rod photoreceptor structure and function Open

Raju V. S. Rajala, Yuhong Wang, Ammaji Rajala · 2018

Pyruvate kinase M2 isoform deletion in cone photoreceptors results in age-related cone degeneration Open

Ammaji Rajala, Yuhong Wang, Krutik Soni, Raju V. S. Rajala · 2018

Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates photoreceptor structure, function, and viability Open

Ammaji Rajala, Yuhong Wang, Richard S. Brush, Kristine A. Tsantilas, Connor S.R. Jankowski , et al. · 2018

Redundant and Nonredundant Functions of Akt Isoforms in the Retina Open

Raju V. S. Rajala, Ammaji Rajala · 2018

Nanoparticles as Delivery Vehicles for the Treatment of Retinal Degenerative Diseases Open

Yuhong Wang, Ammaji Rajala, Raju V. S. Rajala · 2018

Developmental and light regulation of tumor suppressor protein PP2A in the retina Open

Ammaji Rajala, Yuhong Wang, Steven F. Abcouwer, Thomas W. Gardner, Raju V. S. Rajala · 2017

Protein phosphatases are a group of universal enzymes that are responsible for the dephosphorylation of various proteins and enzymes in cells. Cellular signal transduction events are largely governed by the phosphorylation of key proteins.…

Pyruvate Kinase M2: Function, Regulation and Role in Rod Photoreceptor cells Open

Raju V. S. Rajala, Christopher Kooker, Yuhong Wang, Ammaji Rajala · 2017

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