Ralf Dringen
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View article: ATP Metabolism of Astrocytes: Consumption, Regeneration and Restoration
ATP Metabolism of Astrocytes: Consumption, Regeneration and Restoration Open
Astrocytes are essential partners of neurons and have many important functions in the brain. Almost all of these astrocytic functions require energy that is provided by cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Accordingly, astrocytes contain…
View article: Oxidative Stress Induces the Phosphorylation of NAD+ to NADP+ by NAD Kinase in Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes
Oxidative Stress Induces the Phosphorylation of NAD+ to NADP+ by NAD Kinase in Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes Open
Astrocytes have important functions in the metabolism and antioxidative defence of the brain. Three redox pairs and the ratio of the reduced and oxidized partners in each pair are essential for astrocytic redox metabolism, GSx (glutathione…
View article: Embracing the Modern Biochemistry of Brain Metabolism
Embracing the Modern Biochemistry of Brain Metabolism Open
This editorial challenges the long‐held neuron‐centered view of brain metabolism, relying on ample evidence that it is a cooperative, multicellular process. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and other glia play active roles providing lactate, …
View article: Glutathione Metabolism of the Brain—The Role of Astrocytes
Glutathione Metabolism of the Brain—The Role of Astrocytes Open
Astrocytes have essential functions in the brain as partners of neurons in many metabolic and homeostatic processes. The metabolism of the tripeptide GSH (γ‐L‐glutamyl‐L‐cysteinyl‐glycine) is an important example of a metabolic interaction…
View article: Differential effects of itaconate and its esters on the glutathione and glucose metabolism of cultured primary rat astrocytes
Differential effects of itaconate and its esters on the glutathione and glucose metabolism of cultured primary rat astrocytes Open
Itaconate is produced as endogenous metabolite by decarboxylation of the citric acid cycle intermediate cis-aconitate. As itaconate has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties, this substance is considered as potential therapeutic …
View article: Consequences of a 2-Deoxyglucose Exposure on the ATP Content and the Cytosolic Glucose Metabolism of Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes
Consequences of a 2-Deoxyglucose Exposure on the ATP Content and the Cytosolic Glucose Metabolism of Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes Open
The glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) has frequently been used as a tool to study cellular glucose uptake and to inhibit glycolysis. Exposure of primary cultured astrocytes to 2DG caused a time- and concentration-dependent cellular acc…
View article: Exogenous Substrates Prevent the Decline in the Cellular ATP Content of Primary Rat Astrocytes During Glucose Deprivation
Exogenous Substrates Prevent the Decline in the Cellular ATP Content of Primary Rat Astrocytes During Glucose Deprivation Open
Brain astrocytes are well known for their broad metabolic potential. After glucose deprivation, cultured primary astrocytes maintain a high cellular ATP content for many hours by mobilizing endogenous substrates, but within 24 h the specif…
View article: Experimental insights into electrocatalytic [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ mediated NADH regeneration
Experimental insights into electrocatalytic [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ mediated NADH regeneration Open
NADH plays a crucial role in many enzymatically catalysed reactions. Due to the high costs of NADH a regeneration mechanism of this cofactor can enlarge the applications of enzymatic reactions dramatically. This paper gives a thorough syst…
View article: Experimental insights into electrocatalytic [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ mediated NADH regeneration
Experimental insights into electrocatalytic [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ mediated NADH regeneration Open
NADH plays a crucial role in many enzymatically catalysed reactions. Due to the high costs of NADH a regeneration mechanism of this cofactor can enlarge the applications of enzymatic reactions dramatically. This paper gives a thorough syst…
View article: Modulation of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1-mediated Transport Processes by the Antiviral Drug Ritonavir in Cultured Primary Astrocytes
Modulation of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1-mediated Transport Processes by the Antiviral Drug Ritonavir in Cultured Primary Astrocytes Open
The Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (Mrp1) is an ATP-dependent efflux transporter and a major facilitator of drug resistance in mammalian cells during cancer and HIV therapy. In brain, Mrp1-mediated GSH export from astrocytes is the first s…
View article: G6PDi-1 is a Potent Inhibitor of G6PDH and of Pentose Phosphate pathway-dependent Metabolic Processes in Cultured Primary Astrocytes
G6PDi-1 is a Potent Inhibitor of G6PDH and of Pentose Phosphate pathway-dependent Metabolic Processes in Cultured Primary Astrocytes Open
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) catalyses the rate limiting first step of the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which has a crucial function in providing NADPH for antioxidative defence and reductive biosynth…
View article: Modulation of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1-mediated transport processes by the antiviral drug ritonavir in cultured primary astrocytes
Modulation of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1-mediated transport processes by the antiviral drug ritonavir in cultured primary astrocytes Open
The Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (Mrp1) is an ATP-dependent efflux transporter and a major facilitator of drug resistance in mammalian cells during cancer and HIV therapy. In brain, Mrp1-mediated GSH export from astrocytes is the first s…
View article: Endogenous Energy Stores Maintain a High ATP Concentration for Hours in Glucose-Depleted Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes
Endogenous Energy Stores Maintain a High ATP Concentration for Hours in Glucose-Depleted Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes Open
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the central energy currency of all cells. Cultured primary rat astrocytes contain a specific cellular ATP content of 27.9 ± 4.7 nmol/mg. During incubation in a glucose- and amino acid-free incubation buffer,…
View article: Consumption and Metabolism of Extracellular Pyruvate by Cultured Rat Brain Astrocytes
Consumption and Metabolism of Extracellular Pyruvate by Cultured Rat Brain Astrocytes Open
Brain astrocytes are considered as glycolytic cell type, but these cells also produce ATP via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Exposure of cultured primary astrocytes in a glucose-free medium to extracellular substrates that are kn…
View article: On the electrochemical NADH regeneration: Influence of electrode potential, pH and NAD+ concentration
On the electrochemical NADH regeneration: Influence of electrode potential, pH and NAD+ concentration Open
Electrochemical NAD + reduction is a promising method to regenerate NADH for enzymatic reactions. Many different electrocatalysts have been tested in the search for high yields of the 1,4-isomer of NADH, the active NADH, but aside from ele…
View article: LDHA is enriched in human islet alpha cells and upregulated in type 2 diabetes
LDHA is enriched in human islet alpha cells and upregulated in type 2 diabetes Open
The lactate dehydrogenase isoform A (LDHA) is a key metabolic enzyme that preferentially catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. Whereas LDHA is highly expressed in many tissues, its expression is turned off in the differentiated …
View article: CCDC 1983627: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
CCDC 1983627: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination Open
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available …
View article: CCDC 1983628: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
CCDC 1983628: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination Open
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available …
View article: β-Lapachone Induces Acute Oxidative Stress in Rat Primary Astrocyte Cultures that is Terminated by the NQO1-Inhibitor Dicoumarol
β-Lapachone Induces Acute Oxidative Stress in Rat Primary Astrocyte Cultures that is Terminated by the NQO1-Inhibitor Dicoumarol Open
β-lapachone (β-lap) is reduced in tumor cells by the enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) to a labile hydroquinone which spontaneously reoxidises to β-lap, thereby generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative …
View article: Quantification and biodegradability assessment of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid adsorbed on iron oxide nanoparticles
Quantification and biodegradability assessment of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid adsorbed on iron oxide nanoparticles Open
An analytical method was developed to quantify the amount of free and nanoparticle-bound dimercaptosuccinic acid to address the question whether or not the coating material is biodegradable.