Richard Schalek
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View article: Developmental Connectomics of the Mouse Cerebellum
Developmental Connectomics of the Mouse Cerebellum Open
To uncover the developmental processes that establish the precise patterns of synaptic connectivity in the CNS, we employed a connectomic approach in the mouse cerebellar cortex between birth and 2 weeks of age. There were dramatic quantit…
View article: Connectome analysis of a cerebellum-like circuit for sensory prediction
Connectome analysis of a cerebellum-like circuit for sensory prediction Open
Stable and accurate perception involves comparing incoming sensory input with internally- generated predictions 1–3 . A mechanistic understanding of this process has been elusive due to the size and complexity of the relevant brain regions…
View article: Correlative light and electron microscopy reveals the fine circuit structure underlying evidence accumulation in larval zebrafish
Correlative light and electron microscopy reveals the fine circuit structure underlying evidence accumulation in larval zebrafish Open
Evidence accumulation is a fundamental neural computation essential for adaptive behavior, yet its synaptic implementation remains unclear. Addressing this challenge critically depends on linking neural dynamics to circuit structure within…
View article: Paired and solitary ionocytes in the zebrafish olfactory epithelium
Paired and solitary ionocytes in the zebrafish olfactory epithelium Open
The sense of smell is generated by electrical currents that are influenced by the concentration of ions in olfactory sensory neurons and mucus. In contrast to the extensive morphological and molecular characterization of sensory neurons, t…
View article: Paired and solitary ionocytes in the zebrafish olfactory epithelium
Paired and solitary ionocytes in the zebrafish olfactory epithelium Open
The sense of smell is generated by electrical currents that are influenced by the concentration of ions in olfactory sensory neurons and mucus. In contrast to the extensive morphological and molecular characterization of sensory neurons, t…
View article: High-throughput ultrastructural analysis of macular telangiectasia type 2
High-throughput ultrastructural analysis of macular telangiectasia type 2 Open
Introduction Macular Telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel), is an uncommon form of late-onset, slowly-progressive macular degeneration. Associated with regional Müller glial cell loss in the retina and the amino acid serine synthesized by Müller …
View article: Unusual morphology of foveal Müller glia in an adult human born pre-term
Unusual morphology of foveal Müller glia in an adult human born pre-term Open
The fovea of the human retina, a specialization for acute and color vision, features a high concentration of cone photoreceptors. A pit on the inner retinal aspect is created by the centrifugal migration of post-receptoral neurons. Foveal …
View article: Extensive soma‐soma plate‐like contact sites (ephapses) connect suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons
Extensive soma‐soma plate‐like contact sites (ephapses) connect suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons Open
The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the central pacemaker for mammalian circadian rhythms. As such, this ensemble of cell‐autonomous neuronal oscillators with divergent periods must maintain coordinated oscillations. To inves…
View article: A petavoxel fragment of human cerebral cortex reconstructed at nanoscale resolution
A petavoxel fragment of human cerebral cortex reconstructed at nanoscale resolution Open
To fully understand how the human brain works, knowledge of its structure at high resolution is needed. Presented here is a computationally intensive reconstruction of the ultrastructure of a cubic millimeter of human temporal cortex that …
View article: Sample preparation methods for volume electron microscopy in mollusc<i>Berghia stephanieae</i>
Sample preparation methods for volume electron microscopy in mollusc<i>Berghia stephanieae</i> Open
Creating a high-resolution brain atlas in diverse species offers crucial insights into general principles underlying brain function and development. A volume electron microscopy approach to generate such neural maps has been gaining import…
View article: Mapping Alzheimer’s Molecular Pathologies in Large-Scale Connectomics Data: A Publicly Accessible Correlative Microscopy Resource
Mapping Alzheimer’s Molecular Pathologies in Large-Scale Connectomics Data: A Publicly Accessible Correlative Microscopy Resource Open
Connectomics using volume-electron-microscopy enables mapping and analysis of neuronal networks, revealing insights into neural circuit function and dysfunction. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated-Tau…
View article: SmartEM: machine-learning guided electron microscopy
SmartEM: machine-learning guided electron microscopy Open
Summary Connectomics provides nanometer-resolution, synapse-level maps of neural circuits to understand brain activity and behavior. However, few researchers have access to the high-throughput electron microscopes necessary to generate eno…
View article: A Scalable Staining Strategy for Whole-Brain Connectomics
A Scalable Staining Strategy for Whole-Brain Connectomics Open
Mapping the complete synaptic connectivity of a mammalian brain would be transformative, revealing the pathways underlying perception, behavior, and memory. Serial section electron microscopy, via membrane staining using osmium tetroxide, …
View article: Probing Molecular Diversity and Ultrastructure of Brain Cells with Fluorescent Aptamers
Probing Molecular Diversity and Ultrastructure of Brain Cells with Fluorescent Aptamers Open
Detergent-free immunolabeling has been proven feasible for correlated light and electron microscopy, but its application is restricted by the availability of suitable affinity reagents. Here we introduce CAptVE, a method using slow off-rat…
View article: Real-time Image Deblurring to Improve Throughput of Serial-Section Volume Electron Microscopy for Neural Connectomic Studies
Real-time Image Deblurring to Improve Throughput of Serial-Section Volume Electron Microscopy for Neural Connectomic Studies Open
Generating large serial-section electron microscopy volumes requires automated and reliable image acquisition.In particular, image quality reliability is of paramount importance as retaking out-of-focus, or soft-focused images dramatically…
View article: Multiplexed volumetric CLEM enabled by antibody derivatives provides new insights into the cytology of the mouse cerebellar cortex
Multiplexed volumetric CLEM enabled by antibody derivatives provides new insights into the cytology of the mouse cerebellar cortex Open
Mapping neuronal networks that underlie behavior has become a central focus in neuroscience. While serial section electron microscopy (ssEM) can reveal the fine structure of neuronal networks (connectomics), it does not provide the molecul…
View article: Connectomics of the Octopus vulgaris vertical lobe provides insight into conserved and novel principles of a memory acquisition network
Connectomics of the Octopus vulgaris vertical lobe provides insight into conserved and novel principles of a memory acquisition network Open
Here, we present the first analysis of the connectome of a small volume of the Octopus vulgaris vertical lobe (VL) , a brain structure mediating the acquisition of long-term memory in this behaviorally advanced mollusk. Serial section elec…
View article: Multiplexed volumetric CLEM enabled by antibody derivatives provides new insights into the cytology of the mouse cerebellar cortex
Multiplexed volumetric CLEM enabled by antibody derivatives provides new insights into the cytology of the mouse cerebellar cortex Open
Mapping neuronal networks that underlie behavior has become a central focus in neuroscience. While serial section electron microscopy (ssEM) can reveal the fine structure of neuronal networks (connectomics), it does not provide the molecul…
View article: Author response: Connectomics of the Octopus vulgaris vertical lobe provides insight into conserved and novel principles of a memory acquisition network
Author response: Connectomics of the Octopus vulgaris vertical lobe provides insight into conserved and novel principles of a memory acquisition network Open
Full text Figures and data Side by side Abstract Editor's evaluation Introduction Results Discussion Methods Data availability References Decision letter Author response Article and author information Metrics Abstract Here, we present the …
View article: Connectomics of the <i>Octopus vulgaris</i> vertical lobe provides insight into conserved and novel principles of a memory acquisition network
Connectomics of the <i>Octopus vulgaris</i> vertical lobe provides insight into conserved and novel principles of a memory acquisition network Open
Summary We present the first analysis of the connectome of the vertical lobe (VL) of Octopus vulgaris , a brain structure mediating acquisition of long-term memory in this behaviorally advanced mollusk. Serial section electron microscopy r…
View article: Extensive Soma-Soma Plate-Like Contact Sites (Ephapses) Connect Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons
Extensive Soma-Soma Plate-Like Contact Sites (Ephapses) Connect Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons Open
A bstract The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the central pacemaker for mammalian circadian rhythms. As such, this ensemble of cell-autonomous neuronal oscillators with divergent periods must maintain coordinated oscillations…
View article: Post-embryonic maturation of the <i>C. elegans</i> motor circuit
Post-embryonic maturation of the <i>C. elegans</i> motor circuit Open
Summary During development, animals can maintain behavioral output even as the underlying circuits structurally remodel. After hatching, C. elegans undergoes substantial motor neuron expansion and synapse re-wiring while the animal continu…
View article: Connectomes across development reveal principles of brain maturation
Connectomes across development reveal principles of brain maturation Open
These data sets belong to the following publication: Witvliet, D., Mulcahy, B., Mitchell, J.K. et al. Connectomes across development reveal principles of brain maturation. Nature 596, 257–261 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-0377…
View article: Connectomes across development reveal principles of brain maturation
Connectomes across development reveal principles of brain maturation Open
These data sets belong to the following publication: Witvliet, D., Mulcahy, B., Mitchell, J.K. et al. Connectomes across development reveal principles of brain maturation. Nature 596, 257–261 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-0377…
View article: Neuromuscular connectomes across development reveal synaptic ordering rules
Neuromuscular connectomes across development reveal synaptic ordering rules Open
In mammals, the connections between motor neurons and muscle fibers profoundly reorganize in the early postnatal period. To better understand this synaptic rewiring we traced out all the connectivity in muscles at successive ages in the mo…