Rakesh Agrawal
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View article: Bypassing sulfides: comparing the morphology and performance of solution processed Cu(In,Ga)Se <sub>2</sub> films prepared <i>via</i> two selenide molecular precursor routes
Bypassing sulfides: comparing the morphology and performance of solution processed Cu(In,Ga)Se <sub>2</sub> films prepared <i>via</i> two selenide molecular precursor routes Open
Solution-processed Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin-film photovoltaics are prepared via two selenium-based molecular precursor routes. STEM-EDX and SAED are used to analyze film morphology and identify secondary phases. A champion performance of 11.2% i…
View article: Molecular Ink‐Based Synthesis of Bi(S <sub>z</sub> Se <sub>1‐z</sub> )(I <sub>x</sub> Br <sub>1‐x</sub> ) Solid Solutions as Tuneable Materials for Sustainable Energy Applications
Molecular Ink‐Based Synthesis of Bi(S <sub>z</sub> Se <sub>1‐z</sub> )(I <sub>x</sub> Br <sub>1‐x</sub> ) Solid Solutions as Tuneable Materials for Sustainable Energy Applications Open
Q‐1D van der Waals chalcohalides emerge as promising materials for advanced energy applications, combining tunable optoelectronic properties and composed by earth‐abundant and non‐toxic elements. However, their widespread application remai…
View article: Minimum reflux calculation for multicomponent distillation in multi‐feed, multi‐product columns: Algorithms and examples
Minimum reflux calculation for multicomponent distillation in multi‐feed, multi‐product columns: Algorithms and examples Open
In this work, we present the first algorithm for identifying the minimum reboiler vapor duty requirement for a general multi‐feed, multi‐product (MFMP) distillation column separating ideal multicomponent mixtures. This algorithm incorporat…
View article: Standardization and Quality Control of Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulations
Standardization and Quality Control of Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulations Open
Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations are increasingly explored internationally as a budding field of therapeutic potential based on thousands of years of traditional medicinal practice. However, the absence of standardization protocol and str…
View article: Comparing exergy and heat pump work in distillation systems
Comparing exergy and heat pump work in distillation systems Open
This study compares the exergy supplied to a distillation column with the actual energy consumption of a heat pump‐assisted distillation (HPAD) system. It evaluates the reliability of exergy as a proxy for heat pump work demand in such sys…
View article: Minimum reflux calculation for multicomponent distillation in multi-feed, multi-product columns: Algorithms and examples
Minimum reflux calculation for multicomponent distillation in multi-feed, multi-product columns: Algorithms and examples Open
In this work, we present the first algorithm for identifying the minimum reboiler vapor duty requirement for a general multi-feed, multi-product (MFMP) distillation column separating ideal multicomponent mixtures. This algorithm incorporat…
View article: Exploring the defect landscape and dopability of chalcogenide perovskite BaZrS3
Exploring the defect landscape and dopability of chalcogenide perovskite BaZrS3 Open
BaZrS3 is a chalcogenide perovskite that has shown promise as a photovoltaic absorber, but its performance is limited because of defects and impurities that have a direct influence on carrier concentrations. Functional dopants that show lo…
View article: Moderate-temperature solution-processed synthesis of incommensurate Sr<sub>8/7</sub>TiS<sub>3</sub> thin films and rod-shaped nanocrystals
Moderate-temperature solution-processed synthesis of incommensurate Sr<sub>8/7</sub>TiS<sub>3</sub> thin films and rod-shaped nanocrystals Open
This work reports the synthesis and characterization of solution-processed thin films and nanorods of the emerging semiconductor hexagonal quasi-1D Sr 8/7 TiS 3 at temperatures below 600 °C and 400 °C, respectively.
View article: Hexagonal ABX<sub>3</sub> nanocrystals: rod-shaped BaNbS<sub>3</sub> and BaTaS<sub>3</sub>; BaTiSe<sub>3</sub>, BaZrSe<sub>3</sub>, and other selenide derivatives for optoelectronic applications
Hexagonal ABX<sub>3</sub> nanocrystals: rod-shaped BaNbS<sub>3</sub> and BaTaS<sub>3</sub>; BaTiSe<sub>3</sub>, BaZrSe<sub>3</sub>, and other selenide derivatives for optoelectronic applications Open
Hexagonal ABX 3 compounds exhibit intriguing anisotropic properties. This study presents the first reports on nanocrystal synthesis of these materials, including the BaNbS 3 , BaTaS 3 , and BaMSe 3 materials.
View article: Solution-phase synthesis and characterization of alkaline earth polysulfides as colloidal nanocrystals
Solution-phase synthesis and characterization of alkaline earth polysulfides as colloidal nanocrystals Open
Using just three precursors (oleylamine, alkaline-earth acetylacetonates, and elemental sulfur), syntheiszed alkaline-earth polysulfide nanocrystals can be tuned via changes to reaction temperature.
View article: From synthesis to application: a review of BaZrS<sub>3</sub> chalcogenide perovskites
From synthesis to application: a review of BaZrS<sub>3</sub> chalcogenide perovskites Open
This review covers BaZrS 3 thin-film synthesis methods, optical, optoelectronic, electronic, and defect properties, and highlights device applications.
View article: A reliable, colloidal synthesis method of the orthorhombic chalcogenide perovskite, BaZrS <sub>3</sub> , and related ABS <sub>3</sub> nanomaterials (A = Sr, Ba; B = Ti, Zr, Hf): a step forward for earth-abundant, functional materials
A reliable, colloidal synthesis method of the orthorhombic chalcogenide perovskite, BaZrS <sub>3</sub> , and related ABS <sub>3</sub> nanomaterials (A = Sr, Ba; B = Ti, Zr, Hf): a step forward for earth-abundant, functional materials Open
Chalcogenide perovskites have become of interest for their increased stability, compared to their halide counterparts, and potential optoelectronic properties. A reliable colloidal method is presented here for BaZrS 3 and related ABS 3 nan…
View article: A Reliable, Colloidal Syntheses Method of the Chalcogenide Perovskite, BaZrS3, and Related ABS3 Nanomaterials (A = Sr, Ba; B = Ti, Zr, Hf): Towards Thin-Film Device Applications
A Reliable, Colloidal Syntheses Method of the Chalcogenide Perovskite, BaZrS3, and Related ABS3 Nanomaterials (A = Sr, Ba; B = Ti, Zr, Hf): Towards Thin-Film Device Applications Open
Recently, chalcogenide perovskites, of the form ABX3, where typically A = alkaline earth metals Ca, Sr, or Ba; B = group IV transition metals Zr or Hf; and X = chalcogens S or Se, have become of interest for their potential optoelectronic …
View article: Breaking Barriers in Chalcogenide Perovskite Synthesis: A Generalized Framework for Fabrication of BaMS<sub>3</sub> (M═Ti, Zr, Hf) Materials
Breaking Barriers in Chalcogenide Perovskite Synthesis: A Generalized Framework for Fabrication of BaMS<sub>3</sub> (M═Ti, Zr, Hf) Materials Open
Chalcogenide perovskites have garnered increasing attention as stable, non‐toxic alternatives to lead halide perovskites. However, their conventional synthesis at high temperatures (>1000 °C) has hindered widespread adoption. Recent studie…
View article: An MINLP Formulation for Global Optimization of Heat Integration-Heat Pump Assisted Distillations
An MINLP Formulation for Global Optimization of Heat Integration-Heat Pump Assisted Distillations Open
Thermal separation processes, such as distillation, play a pivotal role in the chemical and petrochemical sectors, constituting a substantial portion of the industrial energy consumption. Consequently, owing to their huge application scale…
View article: Internally Heated Crackers for Decarbonization and Optimization of Ethylene Production
Internally Heated Crackers for Decarbonization and Optimization of Ethylene Production Open
Ethylene is a crucial precursor for a diverse spectrum of products and services. As global production exceeds 150 million tons annually and is projected to surpass 255 million tons by 2035, the imperative for sustainable and efficient ethy…
View article: Optimizing corn agrivoltaic farming through farm-scale experimentation and modeling
Optimizing corn agrivoltaic farming through farm-scale experimentation and modeling Open
To address the limited agrivoltaic research with photovoltaics (PVs) collocated with major row crops, such as corn (Zea mays), we collected extensive corn growth data from neighboring “without-PV” (unshaded) and “with east-west Sun-trackin…
View article: Expanding the horizons for viable precursors and liquid fluxes for the synthesis of BaZrS<sub>3</sub> and related compounds
Expanding the horizons for viable precursors and liquid fluxes for the synthesis of BaZrS<sub>3</sub> and related compounds Open
This study explores the moderate-temperature synthesis of BaMS 3 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) chalcogenide perovskites utilizing metal chlorides and metal chalcogenide precursors and introduces a novel selenium liquid flux.
View article: Emergence of Ruddlesden–Popper phases and other pitfalls for moderate temperature solution deposited chalcogenide perovskites
Emergence of Ruddlesden–Popper phases and other pitfalls for moderate temperature solution deposited chalcogenide perovskites Open
This work highlights the challenges of weak photoluminescence, the limited choice of substrates, unwanted impurity phases, and Ruddlesden–Popper phases in the moderate-temperature synthesized chalcogenide perovskites.
View article: Rethinking tolerance factor analysis for chalcogenide perovskites
Rethinking tolerance factor analysis for chalcogenide perovskites Open
This work reevaluates geometric screening methods for sulfide perovskites to better explain experimental observations and help identify possible candidates for new chalcogenide perovskites.
View article: Solution processed metal chalcogenide semiconductors for inorganic thin film photovoltaics
Solution processed metal chalcogenide semiconductors for inorganic thin film photovoltaics Open
This article encapsulates the science and engineering that goes into solution processed solar cells, focusing on a variety of established and emerging metal chalcogenide materials.
View article: Novel synthesis of semiconductor chalcohalide anti-perovskites by low-temperature molecular precursor ink deposition methodologies
Novel synthesis of semiconductor chalcohalide anti-perovskites by low-temperature molecular precursor ink deposition methodologies Open
Ag 3 SX (X = I, Br) possess a unique anti-perovskite structure (similar to perovskites but switching anions by cations and vice-versa ). Here, we propose a new low-cost low-temperature synthesis methodology based on thiol-amine molecular i…
View article: Efficiency enhancement and doping type inversion in Cu<sub>2</sub>CdSnS<sub>4</sub> solar cells by Ag substitution
Efficiency enhancement and doping type inversion in Cu<sub>2</sub>CdSnS<sub>4</sub> solar cells by Ag substitution Open
Silver substitution on Cu 2 CdSnS 4 solar cells improves device performance at small doping concentrations. Structural and properties changes are induced with higher silver alloying amounts.