Robert G. Gilbert
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Molecular structural insights into starch and glycogen: Impact on health Open
Starch and glycogen, as the primary reservoirs of energy in most living organisms, play a pivotal role in regulating metabolic processes and maintaining health. The molecular structure of these polysaccharides is a major determinant of the…
Nano-mechanical properties of diabetic glycogen Open
Glycogen, a highly branched glucose polymer, plays a vital role in maintaining blood sugar homeostasis in vivo. Liver glycogen molecules contain small “β particles” bound together into larger composite “α particles”. Previous results showe…
Effects of amylose and amylopectin molecular structures on the emulsification performance of starch nanoparticles Open
Starch nanoparticles have increasing applications as emulsion stabilizers in functional foods and drug delivery. The effects of amylose and amylopectin molecular structures on the emulsification performance of starch nanoparticles obtained…
View article: Glycogenin is dispensable for normal liver glycogen metabolism and body glucose homeostasis
Glycogenin is dispensable for normal liver glycogen metabolism and body glucose homeostasis Open
Glycogen is a glucose-storage polysaccharide molecule present in animals, fungi and bacteria. The enzyme glycogenin can self-glycosylate, forming an oligosaccharide chain that primes glycogen synthesis. This priming role of glycogenin was …
View article: The molecular structure of leaf starch from three cereal crops
The molecular structure of leaf starch from three cereal crops Open
Plants produce storage and transient starches in seeds and in leaves, respectively. Understanding molecular fine structure and synthesis of transient starch can help improve plant quality (e.g. by helping breeders produce slowly digested a…
Glycogen metabolism and structure: A review Open
Glycogen is a glucose polymer that plays a crucial role in glucose homeostasis by functioning as a short-term energy storage reservoir in animals and bacteria. Abnormalities in its metabolism and structure can cause several problems, inclu…
Starch molecular structure and diabetes Open
Starch is a primary source of food energy for human beings. Its chain-length distribution (CLD) is a major structural feature influencing physiologically-important properties, such as digestibility and palatability, of starch-containing fo…
Using molecular fine structure to identify optimal methods of extracting fungal glycogen Open
Glycogen is a highly branched glucose polymer that is an energy storage material in fungi and animals. Extraction of glycogen from its source in a way that minimizes its molecular degradation is essential to investigate its native structur…
View article: The effects of chain-length distributions on starch-related properties in waxy rices
The effects of chain-length distributions on starch-related properties in waxy rices Open
Normal rice starch consists of amylopectin and amylose, whose relative amounts and chain-length distributions (CLDs) are major determinants of the digestibility and rheology of cooked rice, and are related to metabolic health and consumer …
Normal and abnormal glycogen structure – A review Open
Glycogen, a complex branched glucose polymer, is found in animals and bacteria, where it serves as an energy storage molecule. It has linear (1 → 4)-α glycosidic bonds between anhydroglucose monomer units, with branch points connected by (…
Liver glycogen fragility in the presence of hydrogen-bond breakers Open
Glycogen, a complex branched glucose polymer, is responsible for sugar storage in blood glucose homeostasis. It comprises small β particles bound together into composite α particles. In diabetic livers, α particles are fragile, breaking ap…
Insights into wheat-starch biosynthesis from two-dimensional macromolecular structure Open
Starch structure is often characterized by the chain-length distribution (CLD) of the linear molecules formed by breaking each branch-point. More information can be obtained by expanding into a second dimension: in the present case, the to…
Formation mechanism of α particles in glycogen: Testing the budding hypothesis by Monte-Carlo simulation Open
Glycogen, a complex branched glucose polymer and a blood-sugar reservoir in animals, comprises small β particles joined together into composite α particles. In diabetic animals, α particles fragment more easily than those in healthy animal…
Investigation of changes in the fine structure of sorghum starch in the baijiu fermentation process Open
In fermentation to produce the alcoholic liquor baijiu, sorghum starch is the main carbohydrate source, being hydrolyzed and converted into ethanol and aromatics. The mechanisms of starch hydrolysis which affect fermentation quality and ef…
View article: Influence of Storage Temperature on Starch Retrogradation and Digestion of Chinese Steamed Bread
Influence of Storage Temperature on Starch Retrogradation and Digestion of Chinese Steamed Bread Open
Chinese steamed bread (CSB), which is widely consumed in East Asia, usually undergoes storage before consumption, but it is unclear how different storage temperatures affect CSB starch retrogradation and digestion properties, which are imp…
View article: Development of a model for granule-bound starch synthase I activity using free-energy calculations
Development of a model for granule-bound starch synthase I activity using free-energy calculations Open
Starch is a branched polymer of glucose with two components, both of which have (1 → 4)-α linear links and (1 → 6)-α branch points: amylopectin, of high molecular weight with many short branches, and amylose, of lower molecular weight and …
Effects of tidal wave modulation on coastal flooding along a tide-river context: Case of the seine estuary Open
Tidal waves modulated over a range of timescales, from inter-daily to inter-annual variations, are responsible for coastal flooding which is enhanced in tide-river environments. The research described here investigates the tidal dynamics i…
Critical examination of the characterization techniques, and the evidence, for the existence of extra‐long amylopectin chains Open
It has been suggested that amylopectin can contain small but significant amounts of extra‐long chains (ELCs), which could affect functional properties, and also would have implications for the mechanism of starch biosynthesis. However, cur…
Effects of the Molecular Structure of Starch in Foods on Human Health Open
Starch provides approximately half of humans’ food energy, and its structural features influence human health. The most important structural feature is the chain length distribution (CLD), which affects properties such as the digestibility…
Formation, Structural Characterization, and Functional Properties of Corn Starch/Zeaxanthin Composites Open
Zeaxanthin is a natural xanthophyll carotenoid and the main macular pigment that protects the macula from light-initiated oxidative damage, but it has poor stability and low bioavailability. Absorption of this active ingredient into starch…
View article: Using starch structure to choose rices with an optimal combination of palatability and digestibility
Using starch structure to choose rices with an optimal combination of palatability and digestibility Open
Steamed white rices that are popular with consumers are usually quick to digest, which is however disadvantageous to metabolic health. However, varieties which are slow to digest are generally regarded as less palatable. Starch molecular s…
The Effects of Starch Molecular Fine Structure on Thermal and Digestion Properties of Rice Starch Open
Whole white rice is a major staple food for human consumption, with its starch digestion rate and location in the gastrointestinal tract having a critical role for human health. Starch has a multi-scale structure, which undergoes order-dis…