Robert A. Huggins
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View article: Athletic Training Services Trends Between Public and Private High Schools: A 5-Year Retrospective Analysis
Athletic Training Services Trends Between Public and Private High Schools: A 5-Year Retrospective Analysis Open
Context Access to athletic trainers (ATs) in high schools is crucial for student-athlete (SA) safety. Although most high schools in the United States have access to athletic training services (ATS), no authors have longitudinally compared …
View article: Customizing individual heat mitigation strategies to optimize performance in elite athletes
Customizing individual heat mitigation strategies to optimize performance in elite athletes Open
The aim of this review is twofold: 1) provide a brief discussion surrounding the interindividual variability that has been observed within the context of heat acclimation/acclimatization, body cooling, and hydration strategies, and 2) prov…
View article: Reference Values for Hydration Biomarkers: Optimizing Athletic Performance and Recovery
Reference Values for Hydration Biomarkers: Optimizing Athletic Performance and Recovery Open
The negative effects of dehydration or overhydration on exercise performance and health are widely recognized. However, the interindividual variability of fluid imbalances among athletes and across various sports is large, due to the compl…
View article: Levelling-up national economies through regional development? a panel fsQCA approach applied to Great Britain
Levelling-up national economies through regional development? a panel fsQCA approach applied to Great Britain Open
There is currently renewed policy focus on ‘levelling-up’ economic performance across Great Britain’s regions and nations. Heterogeneous historical regional economic experiences lead to questions over the need for policy differences and tr…
View article: Effects of Environmental Conditions, Core Temperature, and Hydration Status on Women’s Soccer Performance
Effects of Environmental Conditions, Core Temperature, and Hydration Status on Women’s Soccer Performance Open
National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) Division III athletes have restrictive rules on preseason practice timelines leading to questions about how performances are affected by environmental conditions during preseason practices. …
View article: Factors Influencing Athletic Training Services in California Secondary Schools: A 5-Year Update
Factors Influencing Athletic Training Services in California Secondary Schools: A 5-Year Update Open
Context California is the only state that does not regulate the athletic training profession, allowing unqualified personnel to be hired and call themselves athletic trainers (ATs). The benefits of employing a certified AT in the secondary…
View article: Effect of Heat Acclimatization, Heat Acclimation, and Intermittent Heat Training on Maximal Oxygen Uptake
Effect of Heat Acclimatization, Heat Acclimation, and Intermittent Heat Training on Maximal Oxygen Uptake Open
Background: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) is an important determinant of endurance performance. Heat acclimation/acclimatization (HA/HAz) elicits improvements in endurance performance. Upon heat exposure reduction, intermittent heat tra…
View article: Geographic Disparity in Distance to Trauma Care in Secondary Schools Across the United States
Geographic Disparity in Distance to Trauma Care in Secondary Schools Across the United States Open
Context Geographic disparities exist in trauma care (ie, “trauma center desert”) within the United States. An athletic trainer (AT) on site at secondary schools (SSs) may help enhance collaboration with emergency medical systems and potent…
View article: Exertional Heat Stroke Survival at the Falmouth Road Race: 180 New Cases With Expanded Analysis
Exertional Heat Stroke Survival at the Falmouth Road Race: 180 New Cases With Expanded Analysis Open
Context A high number of exertional heat stroke (EHS) cases occur during the Falmouth Road Race. Objectives To extend previous analyses of EHS cases during the Falmouth Road Race by assessing or describing (1) EHS and heat exhaustion (HE) …
View article: Access to Athletic Trainers and Emergency Medical Services Activations for Sport-Related Injuries
Access to Athletic Trainers and Emergency Medical Services Activations for Sport-Related Injuries Open
Context Having athletic trainers (ATs) employed at secondary schools is associated with improved preparedness for sport-related emergencies. The use of emergency medical services (EMS) in settings with different access to athletic training…
View article: Fluid Replacement Strategies and Heart Rate Variability Recovery Following Prolonged Exercise in the Heat and Mild Dehydration
Fluid Replacement Strategies and Heart Rate Variability Recovery Following Prolonged Exercise in the Heat and Mild Dehydration Open
Background: In sporting and combat settings, optimal fluid replacement is rarely achieved, exacerbating physiological strain. It is unknown if prescribed fluid replacement following exercise in heat impacts heart rate variability (HRV). Pu…
View article: High rate, long cycle life battery electrode materials with an open framework structure
High rate, long cycle life battery electrode materials with an open framework structure Open
A battery includes a cathode, an anode, and an aqueous electrolyte disposed between the cathode and the anode and including a cation A. At least one of the cathode and the anode includes an electrode material having an open framework cryst…
View article: Carbon Fiber Insoles Enhance Perception of Performance Despite Variable Objective Outcomes: Specific to the Moderately Active Individual
Carbon Fiber Insoles Enhance Perception of Performance Despite Variable Objective Outcomes: Specific to the Moderately Active Individual Open
Carbon fiber insoles (CFIs) may benefit performance in elite athletes, however, their use in moderately active individuals has been adopted without evidence supporting such enhancements in this population. Fifteen male subjects performed v…
View article: The Association Between Access to Athletic Trainers and Emergency Medical Services Activations for Sport-Related Injuries
The Association Between Access to Athletic Trainers and Emergency Medical Services Activations for Sport-Related Injuries Open
Context Having athletic trainers (ATs) employed at secondary schools is associated with improved preparedness for sport-related emergencies. Utilization of emergency medical services (EMS) with different access to athletic training service…
View article: Epidemiology of Emergency Medical Services Activations for Sport-Related Injuries in the United States
Epidemiology of Emergency Medical Services Activations for Sport-Related Injuries in the United States Open
Background Literature examining emergency medical services (EMS) activations for sport-related injuries is limited to the pediatric, high school, and collegiate student-athlete populations, excluding older individuals and recreational athl…
View article: Secondary School Athletic Trainers' Experiences With Organizational Conflict: A Comparison Across Employment Models
Secondary School Athletic Trainers' Experiences With Organizational Conflict: A Comparison Across Employment Models Open
Context Athletic training is a multifaceted profession characterized by interpersonal relationships and a team approach to care. Collaborative relationships, by nature, open the door to conflict, which has been reported frequently in the c…
View article: Deaths Among U.S. Air Force Basic Military Trainees, 2008-2020
Deaths Among U.S. Air Force Basic Military Trainees, 2008-2020 Open
Introduction The U.S. Air Force (USAF) Basic Military Training (BMT), a rigorous training program for all enlisted members of the USAF, trains roughly 36,000 recruits annually. Transforming civilians into ready warrior airmen has inherent …
View article: The Effects of Energy Intake on Upper Respiratory Symptoms in Ultra-Endurance Triathletes
The Effects of Energy Intake on Upper Respiratory Symptoms in Ultra-Endurance Triathletes Open
Background: It is unclear whether energy intake can impact the incidence of upper respiratory symptoms (URS). The purpose of this study was to examine if there are differences in energy intake between symptomatic (SYM) and asymptomatic (AS…
View article: Socioeconomic factors and outcomes from exercise-related sudden cardiac arrest in high school student-athletes in the USA
Socioeconomic factors and outcomes from exercise-related sudden cardiac arrest in high school student-athletes in the USA Open
Objective Minority student-athletes have a lower survival rate from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) than non-minority student-athletes. This study examined the relationship between high school indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) and survi…
View article: Effects of Heat Acclimatization, Heat Acclimation, and Intermittent Exercise Heat Training on Time-Trial Performance
Effects of Heat Acclimatization, Heat Acclimation, and Intermittent Exercise Heat Training on Time-Trial Performance Open
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of heat acclimatization (HAz) followed by heat acclimation (HA), and intermittent heat training (IHT) on time-trial performance. Hypothesis: Time-trial performance will impro…
View article: Heat Safety in the Workplace: Modified Delphi Consensus to Establish Strategies and Resources to Protect the US Workers
Heat Safety in the Workplace: Modified Delphi Consensus to Establish Strategies and Resources to Protect the US Workers Open
The purpose of this consensus document was to develop feasible, evidence‐based occupational heat safety recommendations to protect the US workers that experience heat stress. Heat safety recommendations were created to protect worker healt…
View article: Heat Acclimation Following Heat Acclimatization Elicits Additional Physiological Improvements in Male Endurance Athletes
Heat Acclimation Following Heat Acclimatization Elicits Additional Physiological Improvements in Male Endurance Athletes Open
The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of heat acclimatization (HAz) followed by heat acclimation (HA) on physiological adaptations. 25 male endurance athletes (age 36 ± 12 y, height 178.8 ± 6.39 cm, body mass 73.03 ± 8.…
View article: Athletic Training Employment in US Secondary Schools by Geographic Setting and School Size
Athletic Training Employment in US Secondary Schools by Geographic Setting and School Size Open
Context The Athletic Training Locations and Services (ATLAS) Annual Report suggested that athletic trainer (AT) employment status differed based on geographic locale. However, the influence of geographic locale and school size on AT employ…
View article: Incidence of Recurrent Exertional Heat Stroke in a Warm-Weather Road Race
Incidence of Recurrent Exertional Heat Stroke in a Warm-Weather Road Race Open
Background and Objectives: Exertional heat stroke (EHS) survivors may be more susceptible to subsequent EHS; however, the occurrence of survivors with subsequent EHS episodes is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate…
View article: Sleep Dysfunction and Mood in Collegiate Soccer Athletes
Sleep Dysfunction and Mood in Collegiate Soccer Athletes Open
Background: Sleep and mood are critical factors that contribute to health and wellness and are of particular interest to collegiate athletes who are juggling high physical, academic, and social demands. The aim of this study was to examine…
View article: Athletic Trainer Services in the Secondary School Setting: The Athletic Training Locations and Services Project
Athletic Trainer Services in the Secondary School Setting: The Athletic Training Locations and Services Project Open
Context Previous research from a sample of US secondary schools (n = 10 553) indicated that 67% of schools had access to an athletic trainer (AT; 35% full time [FT], 30% part time [PT], and 2% per diem). However, the population-based stati…
View article: Practical Hydration Solutions for Sports
Practical Hydration Solutions for Sports Open
Personalized hydration strategies play a key role in optimizing the performance and safety of athletes during sporting activities. Clinicians should be aware of the many physiological, behavioral, logistical and psychological issues that d…
View article: Appropriate Medical Care Standards for Organizations Sponsoring Athletic Activity for the Secondary School–Aged Athlete: A Summary Statement
Appropriate Medical Care Standards for Organizations Sponsoring Athletic Activity for the Secondary School–Aged Athlete: A Summary Statement Open
Objective To present the appropriate medical care standards for organizations that sponsor athletic activities for secondary school–aged athletes. Data Sources To develop the current standards and identify current best-practices evidence, …
View article: Analysis of States' Barriers to and Progress Toward Implementation of Health and Safety Policies for Secondary School Athletics
Analysis of States' Barriers to and Progress Toward Implementation of Health and Safety Policies for Secondary School Athletics Open
Context Implementation of health and safety best practices for the leading causes of sudden death and catastrophic injury has been shown to mitigate risk. However, to our knowledge, no authors have examined progress toward health and safet…