Robert W. Howarth
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View article: The greenhouse gas footprint of liquefied natural gas (LNG) exported from the United States
The greenhouse gas footprint of liquefied natural gas (LNG) exported from the United States Open
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports from the United States have risen dramatically since the LNG‐export ban was lifted in 2016, and the United States is now the world's largest exporter. This LNG is produced largely from shale gas. Product…
View article: Characterizing Spatial and Temporal Trends in Net Sediment Accumulation in Seagrass Meadows
Characterizing Spatial and Temporal Trends in Net Sediment Accumulation in Seagrass Meadows Open
Seagrass meadows are known as hot spots for carbon accumulation, but there is limited field data on the variability of sediment accumulation across time and space. We developed a method to assess spatial and temporal heterogeneity in net s…
View article: The Potential Role of Sediment Iron and Sulfur Speciation in Seagrass Meadow Loss and Recovery
The Potential Role of Sediment Iron and Sulfur Speciation in Seagrass Meadow Loss and Recovery Open
Oxidized iron (Fe) can reduce seagrass dieback when present in sufficient quantities in the sediment to fix sulfide as pyrite (FeS 2 ) or iron monosulfide (FeS). However, the oxidized Fe pool may become depleted over time as Fe is reduced …
View article: Lab‐based multispectral photography for approximating chlorophyll content in <scp><i>Zostera marina</i></scp>
Lab‐based multispectral photography for approximating chlorophyll content in <span><i>Zostera marina</i></span> Open
Reduced light is one of the primary threats to seagrass meadows in the coming decades, with reduced light reaching the benthos due to eutrophication. We assessed a multispectral photography technique using near‐infrared photography to esti…
View article: Nitrogen fixation associated with epiphytes on the seagrass Zostera marina in a temperate lagoon with moderate to high nitrogen loads
Nitrogen fixation associated with epiphytes on the seagrass Zostera marina in a temperate lagoon with moderate to high nitrogen loads Open
As part of a long-term study on the effects of nitrogen (N) loading in a shallow temperate lagoon, we measured rates of N 2 fixation associated with seagrass ( Zostera marina ) epiphytes during the summer from 2005 to 2019, at two sites al…
View article: A “toy model” analysis of causes of nitrogen limitation in terrestrial ecosystems
A “toy model” analysis of causes of nitrogen limitation in terrestrial ecosystems Open
Nitrogen (N) limitation to net primary production is widespread and influences the responsiveness of ecosystems to many components of global environmental change. Logic and both simple simulation (Vitousek and Fieldin in Biogeochemistry 46…
View article: Reply to comment on “How Green is Blue Hydrogen?”
Reply to comment on “How Green is Blue Hydrogen?” Open
In their comment on our 2021 paper “How Green is Blue Hydrogen,” Romano et al. purport to provide “a more balanced perspective on blue hydrogen, which is in line with current best available practices.” We strongly disagree. First, we categ…
View article: Variation in sediment and seagrass characteristics reflect multiple stressors along a nitrogen‐enrichment gradient in a New England lagoon
Variation in sediment and seagrass characteristics reflect multiple stressors along a nitrogen‐enrichment gradient in a New England lagoon Open
We examined concentrations of organic carbon, dissolved sulfides, total sediment sulfur, and stable sulfur isotope ratios in seagrass leaf tissues across a nitrogen‐enrichment gradient in a coastal marine ecosystem (Cape Cod, Massachusetts…
View article: A NEW APPROACH TO HOLISTIC NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN CHINA
A NEW APPROACH TO HOLISTIC NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN CHINA Open
● Progress on nitrogen management in agriculture is overviewed in China. ● 4R principles are key to high N use efficiency and low N losses in soil-crop systems. ● A new framework of food-chain-N-management is proposed. ● China’s success i…
View article: How green is blue hydrogen?
How green is blue hydrogen? Open
Hydrogen is often viewed as an important energy carrier in a future decarbonized world. Currently, most hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of methane in natural gas (“gray hydrogen”), with high carbon dioxide emissions. Increasingly, …
View article: Role of external inputs of nutrients to aquatic ecosystems in determining prevalence of nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation of net primary productivity
Role of external inputs of nutrients to aquatic ecosystems in determining prevalence of nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation of net primary productivity Open
Whether net primary productivity in an aquatic ecosystem is limited by nitrogen (N), limited by phosphorus (P), or co-limited by N & P is determined by the relative supply of N and P to phytoplankton compared to their elemental requirement…
View article: Anthropogenic Perturbations to the Atmospheric Molybdenum Cycle
Anthropogenic Perturbations to the Atmospheric Molybdenum Cycle Open
Molybdenum (Mo) is a key cofactor in enzymes used for nitrogen (N) fixation and nitrate reduction, and the low availability of Mo can constrain N inputs, affecting ecosystem productivity. Natural atmospheric Mo aerosolization and depositio…
View article: Methane emissions from fossil fuels: exploring recent changes in greenhouse-gas reporting requirements for the State of New York
Methane emissions from fossil fuels: exploring recent changes in greenhouse-gas reporting requirements for the State of New York Open
In 2019, New York State passed aggressive new climate legislation to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and laid out major changes for how emissions are reported. One change is the inclusion of emissions from outside of the boundaries o…
View article: Ideas and perspectives: is shale gas a major driver of recent increase in global atmospheric methane?
Ideas and perspectives: is shale gas a major driver of recent increase in global atmospheric methane? Open
Methane has been rising rapidly in the atmosphere over the past decade, contributing to global climate change. Unlike the late 20th century when the rise in atmospheric methane was accompanied by an enrichment in the heavier carbon stable …
View article: County, subregional and regional phosphorus data derived from the net anthropogenic nitrogen/phosphorus inputs (NANI/NAPI) toolbox
County, subregional and regional phosphorus data derived from the net anthropogenic nitrogen/phosphorus inputs (NANI/NAPI) toolbox Open
The data presented here represent estimates of the phosphorus content of crop production, phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) and agricultural phosphorus inputs associated with it across the contiguous United States. Net Anthropogenic Phosphor…
View article: Reply to reviewer #3 (3 June 2019)
Reply to reviewer #3 (3 June 2019) Open
I thank the reviewer for their comments, and I am glad they agree it is useful to explicitly consider shale gas in using data on the 13C content of methane to evaluate methane emission sources over time.Below I respond to each comment."Ove…
View article: Updated response by author to Reviewer #1 (3 June 2019)
Updated response by author to Reviewer #1 (3 June 2019) Open
2019) for specific responses to the reviewer's comments.Since writing that response, I have spent considerable time scouring the literature for additional appropriate data on the 13C content of shale gas, and I have substantially changed t…
View article: Author response to anonymous review #1 (as of 9 May 2019):
Author response to anonymous review #1 (as of 9 May 2019): Open
1) the reviewer is correct that the 13C value used for the shale
View article: Is Shale Gas a Major Driver of Recent Increase in Global Atmospheric Methane?
Is Shale Gas a Major Driver of Recent Increase in Global Atmospheric Methane? Open
Methane has been rising rapidly in the atmosphere over the past decade, contributing to global climate change. Unlike the late 20th Century when the rise in atmospheric methane was accompanied by an enrichment in the heavier carbon stable …
View article: Editorial
Editorial Open
This first issue in 2019 of Limnology & Oceanography is my last issue as Editor-in-Chief. Since taking up this position in the fall of 2014, I have managed the transition of the journal from self-publication by ASLO to co-publication with …
View article: Nitrogen Biogeochemistry of an Urban Rooftop Farm
Nitrogen Biogeochemistry of an Urban Rooftop Farm Open
Intensive agriculture represents a recent extension of green roof technology. Perceived ecosystem services provided by rooftop farming include stormwater management and the production of affordable and nutritious vegetables for local consu…
View article: Reducing agricultural nutrient surpluses in a large catchment – Links to livestock density
Reducing agricultural nutrient surpluses in a large catchment – Links to livestock density Open
The separation between crop- and livestock production is an important driver of agricultural nutrient surpluses in many parts of the world. Nutrient surpluses can be symptomatic of poor resource use efficiency and contribute to environment…
View article: A Century of Legacy Phosphorus Dynamics in a Large Drainage Basin
A Century of Legacy Phosphorus Dynamics in a Large Drainage Basin Open
There is growing evidence that the release of phosphorus (P) from “legacy” stores can frustrate efforts to reduce P loading to surface water from sources such as agriculture and human sewage. Less is known, however, about the magnitude and…
View article: County, subregional and regional nitrogen data derived from the Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Inputs (NANI) toolbox
County, subregional and regional nitrogen data derived from the Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Inputs (NANI) toolbox Open
[The data presented here represent estimates of the nitrogen content of crop production, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and agricultural nitrogen inputs associated with it across the contiguous United States. Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Inpu…