S. M. Bailey
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View article: The Student Nitric Oxide Explorer
The Student Nitric Oxide Explorer Open
The Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) is a small scientific spacecraft designed for launch on a Pegasus™ XL launch vehicle for the USRA Student Explorer Demonstration Initiative. Its scientific goals are to measure nitric oxide density …
View article: The SNOE Spacecraft: Integration, Test, Launch, Operation, and On-orbit Performance
The SNOE Spacecraft: Integration, Test, Launch, Operation, and On-orbit Performance Open
The Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) was launched on 26 February 1998. Its objectives are to measure nitric oxide density in the lower thermosphere, to analyze the solar and auroral fluxes that create it and cause its variation, and to…
View article: The Influence of Space Traffic on AIM/CIPS PMC Frequencies at 80°N
The Influence of Space Traffic on AIM/CIPS PMC Frequencies at 80°N Open
We explore the effects of lower thermospheric water vapor deposited by launch vehicle plumes on polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) frequencies at 80°N. We use July‐averaged PMC frequencies from 2007 to 2022 from the Cloud Imaging and Particle S…
View article: Planetary Wave Modulation of Gravity Waves Over the Andes in 2016
Planetary Wave Modulation of Gravity Waves Over the Andes in 2016 Open
The Andes account for the largest source of orographic gravity waves (GWs) in the middle atmosphere. This results from persistent, strong zonal winds at the surface encountering the north‐south mountain chain, producing strong orographic l…
View article: Validation of Version 1.3 Ozone Measured by the SOFIE Instrument
Validation of Version 1.3 Ozone Measured by the SOFIE Instrument Open
The Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) has operated aboard the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite since 2007. SOFIE uses solar occultation to retrieve ozone (O 3 ) profiles from ∼20 to 100 km altitude, typically at…
View article: Sun-Earth Coupling via Energetic Particle Precipitation
Sun-Earth Coupling via Energetic Particle Precipitation Open
A comprehensive description of Sun-Earth connections requires understanding Sun-Earth coupling via energetic particle precipitation (EPP).Precipitating energetic electrons and solar protons produce odd hydrogen (HO x = H + OH + HO 2 ) and …
View article: Understanding MLT Energetics Through Observations of Nitric Oxide
Understanding MLT Energetics Through Observations of Nitric Oxide Open
Whitepaper #312 in the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033. Main topics: space weather applications; basic research. Additional topics: space weather research/applications/operations pipeline; planetary iono…
View article: Characterization and understanding of the lower thermosphere circulation — the new frontier in the ionosphere thermosphere mesosphere system
Characterization and understanding of the lower thermosphere circulation — the new frontier in the ionosphere thermosphere mesosphere system Open
Whitepaper #443 in the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033. Main topics: space weather applications; basic research. Additional topics: system science; space weather research/applications/operations pipeline…
View article: Wave-induced Mixing and Transport in the Middle Atmosphere-Lower Thermosphere (MLT)
Wave-induced Mixing and Transport in the Middle Atmosphere-Lower Thermosphere (MLT) Open
Whitepaper #122 in the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033. Main topics: basic research. Additional topics: planetary ionospheres / upper atmospheres; ground-based missions/projects; space-based missions/pro…
View article: CIPS Observations of Gravity Wave Activity at the Edge of the Polar Vortices and Coupling to the Ionosphere
CIPS Observations of Gravity Wave Activity at the Edge of the Polar Vortices and Coupling to the Ionosphere Open
A new Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) gravity wave (GW) variance data set is available that facilitates automated analysis of GWs entering the mesosphere. This work examines several years of CIPS GW variances from 50 to 55 km in the…
View article: The Role of the Quasi 5‐Day Wave on the Onset of Polar Mesospheric Cloud Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere
The Role of the Quasi 5‐Day Wave on the Onset of Polar Mesospheric Cloud Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere Open
The quasi 5‐day wave (Q5DW) with zonal wavenumber 1 is a dominant planetary wave (PW) oscillation in the polar summer mesospheric temperature and polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) fields. In this paper, the Q5DW signal derived from 16 years (2…
View article: A Model of the Globally-averaged Thermospheric Energy Balance
A Model of the Globally-averaged Thermospheric Energy Balance Open
The Atmospheric Chemistry and Energetics (ACE) 1D model is a first principles based model that generates a globally averaged thermosphere and ionosphere in terms of constituent major, minor, and charged species, as well as associated tempe…
View article: Improving ionospheric predictability requires accurate simulation of the mesospheric polar vortex
Improving ionospheric predictability requires accurate simulation of the mesospheric polar vortex Open
The mesospheric polar vortex (MPV) plays a critical role in coupling the atmosphere-ionosphere system, so its accurate simulation is imperative for robust predictions of the thermosphere and ionosphere. While the stratospheric polar vortex…
View article: Decadal and Annual Variations in Meteoric Flux From Ulysses, Wind, and SOFIE Observations
Decadal and Annual Variations in Meteoric Flux From Ulysses, Wind, and SOFIE Observations Open
Our solar system is filled with meteoric particles, or cosmic dust, which is either interplanetary or interstellar in origin. Interstellar dust (ISD) enters the heliosphere due to the relative motion of the sun and the interstellar flow. I…
View article: The Role of Solar Soft X-rays Irradiance in Thermospheric Structure
The Role of Solar Soft X-rays Irradiance in Thermospheric Structure Open
We use a new Atmospheric Chemistry and Energetics one-dimensional (ACE1D) thermospheric model to show that the energies deposited by the solar soft x-rays in the lower thermosphere at altitudes between 100 -150 km (Bailey et al. 2000), aff…
View article: The Role of High Energy Photoelectrons on the Dissociation of Molecular Nitrogen in Earth's Ionosphere
The Role of High Energy Photoelectrons on the Dissociation of Molecular Nitrogen in Earth's Ionosphere Open
Soft x-ray radiation from the sun is responsible for the production of high energy photoelectrons in the D and E regions of the ionosphere, where they deposit most of their ionization energy. The photoelectrons created by this process are …
View article: NRLMSIS 2.1: An Empirical Model of Nitric Oxide Incorporated Into MSIS
NRLMSIS 2.1: An Empirical Model of Nitric Oxide Incorporated Into MSIS Open
We have developed an empirical model of nitric oxide (NO) number density at altitudes from ∼73 km to the exobase, as a function of altitude, latitude, day of year, solar zenith angle, solar activity, and geomagnetic activity. The model is …
View article: Decadal and annual variations in meteoric flux from Ulysses, Wind, and SOFIE observations
Decadal and annual variations in meteoric flux from Ulysses, Wind, and SOFIE observations Open
Our solar system is filled with meteoric particles, or cosmic dust, which is either interplanetary or interstellar in origin. Interstellar dust (ISD) enters the heliosphere due to the relative motion of the sun and the interstellar flow. I…
View article: Sounding Rocket Observation of Nitric Oxide in the Polar Night
Sounding Rocket Observation of Nitric Oxide in the Polar Night Open
An altitude profile of Nitric Oxide (NO) in the 80–110 km altitude range was measured in the polar night from a sounding rocket on 27 January 2020. The observations were made using the technique of stellar occultation with a UV spectrograp…
View article: Tests of a New Solar Flare Model Against D and E Region Ionosphere Data
Tests of a New Solar Flare Model Against D and E Region Ionosphere Data Open
We present results from a suite of models designed to simulate solar flare effects on the D and E region of the ionosphere. This suite includes models of the solar spectrum, the ionosphere and of HF radiowave propagation. A central compone…
View article: Investigation of the Ozone Enhancement during the 2019 Sudden Stratospheric Warming in the Southern Hemisphere
Investigation of the Ozone Enhancement during the 2019 Sudden Stratospheric Warming in the Southern Hemisphere Open
<p>Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are dynamic events associated with the rise in stratospheric temperature and the reversal in zonal mean zonal winds. SSWs are driven by large-scale planetary waves that propagate to the stratos…
View article: Two- and three-dimensional structures of the descent of mesospheric trace constituents after the 2013 sudden stratospheric warming elevated stratopause event
Two- and three-dimensional structures of the descent of mesospheric trace constituents after the 2013 sudden stratospheric warming elevated stratopause event Open
We use the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Extended (SD-WACCMX) to model the descent of nitric oxide (NO) and other mesospheric tracers in the extended, elevated stratopause phase of the 2013 sudd…
View article: Enumerating partitions arising in homotopy theory
Enumerating partitions arising in homotopy theory Open
We present an infinite family of recursive formulas that count binary integer partitions satisfying natural divisibility conditions and show that these counts are interrelated via partial sums. Moreover, we interpret the partitions we stud…
View article: The $\mathscr A(1)$-module structure of the homology of Brown-Gitler spectra
The $\mathscr A(1)$-module structure of the homology of Brown-Gitler spectra Open
Let $\mathscr A(m)$ denote the subalgebra of the mod 2 Steenrod algebra $\mathscr A$ generated by $Sq^i$ for $i\leq 2^m$. Using the theory of partitions, we count monomials of a given weight (in the sense of Mahowald's $b{\rm o}$-resolutio…
View article: Trends in the polar summer mesosphere temperature and pressure altitude from satellite observations
Trends in the polar summer mesosphere temperature and pressure altitude from satellite observations Open
Time series of mesospheric temperature and pressure altitude are produced through combining observations by the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE), Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER), and Solar Occul…
View article: Comment on acp-2021-68
Comment on acp-2021-68 Open
Abstract. We use the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Extended (SD-WACCMX) to model the descent of nitric oxide (NO) and other mesospheric tracers in the extended, elevated stratopause phase of the…
View article: 2 and 3-dimensional structure of the descent of mesospheric traceconstituents after the 2013 SSW elevated stratopause event
2 and 3-dimensional structure of the descent of mesospheric traceconstituents after the 2013 SSW elevated stratopause event Open
We use the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Extended (SD-WACCMX) to model the descent of nitric oxide (NO) and other mesospheric tracers in the extended, elevated stratopause phase of the 2013 Sudd…
View article: Ionospheric Sluggishness: A Characteristic Time-Lag of the Ionospheric Response to Solar Flares
Ionospheric Sluggishness: A Characteristic Time-Lag of the Ionospheric Response to Solar Flares Open
The term “ionospheric sluggishness” is used to describe the time delay between maximum radio absorption in the ionosphere following the time of maximum irradiance during a solar flare. Sluggishness is one of the characteristic properties k…