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View article: Entropy Generation across Earth’s Collisionless Bow Shock
Entropy Generation across Earth’s Collisionless Bow Shock Open
Earth's bow shock is a collisionless shock wave but entropy has never been directly measured across it. The plasma experiments on Cluster and Double Star measure 3D plasma distributions upstream and downstream of the bow shock allowing cal…
View article: Supermagnetosonic subsolar magnetosheath jets and their effects: from the solar wind to the ionospheric convection
Supermagnetosonic subsolar magnetosheath jets and their effects: from the solar wind to the ionospheric convection Open
It has recently been proposed that ripples inherent to the bow shock during radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may produce local high speed flows in the magnetosheath. These jets can have a dynamic pressure much larger than the dyn…
View article: Local influence of magnetosheath plasma beta fluctuations on magnetopause reconnection
Local influence of magnetosheath plasma beta fluctuations on magnetopause reconnection Open
We present observations from two subsolar Cluster magnetopause crossings under southward interplanetary magnetic field and strong mirror mode fluctuations in the magnetosheath. In both events the reconnection outflow jets show strong varia…
View article: Cluster observations of simultaneous resonant interactions of ULF waves with energetic electrons and thermal ion species in the inner magnetosphere
Cluster observations of simultaneous resonant interactions of ULF waves with energetic electrons and thermal ion species in the inner magnetosphere Open
In this study, we report in situ observations on the simultaneous periodic modulations in the drifting energetic electrons (∼100 keV) and in the bouncing thermal ion species (O + at ∼4.5 keV and H + at ∼280 eV) with the same frequency of 3…
View article: Cluster observations of the midaltitude cusp under strong northward interplanetary magnetic field
Cluster observations of the midaltitude cusp under strong northward interplanetary magnetic field Open
We report on a multispacecraft cusp observation lasting more than 100 min. We determine the cusp boundary motion and reveal the effect on the cusp size of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) changing from southward to northward. The cu…
View article: Global MHD simulation of flux transfer events at the high‐latitude magnetopause observed by the Cluster spacecraft and the SuperDARN radar system
Global MHD simulation of flux transfer events at the high‐latitude magnetopause observed by the Cluster spacecraft and the SuperDARN radar system Open
A global magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulation is used to study the large‐scale structure and formation location of flux transfer events (FTEs) in synergy with in situ spacecraft and ground‐based observations. During the main period of …
View article: Response of the inner magnetosphere and the plasma sheet to a sudden impulse
Response of the inner magnetosphere and the plasma sheet to a sudden impulse Open
The passage of an interplanetary shock caused a sudden compression of the magnetosphere between 0900 UT and 0915 UT on 24 August 2005. An estimate of the shock normal from solar wind data obtained by Geotail upstream of the bow shock indic…
View article: Cluster observations of an ion‐scale current sheet in the magnetotail under the presence of a guide field
Cluster observations of an ion‐scale current sheet in the magnetotail under the presence of a guide field Open
We report on Cluster observations of a thin current sheet interval under the presence of a strong ∣ B Y ∣ during a fast earthward flow interval between 1655 UT and 1703 UT on 17 August 2003. The strong ∣ B Y ∣ in the tail could be associat…
View article: Density holes in the upstream solar wind
Density holes in the upstream solar wind Open
Larmor size transient structures with depletions as large as 99% of ambient solar wind density levels occur commonly upstream of Earth’s collisionless bow shock. These “density holes” have a mean duration of ∼17.9 ± 10.4s but holes as shor…
View article: Energy-dispersed ions in the plasma sheet boundary layer and associated phenomena: Ion heating, electron acceleration, Alfvén waves, broadband waves, perpendicular electric field spikes, and auroral emissions
Energy-dispersed ions in the plasma sheet boundary layer and associated phenomena: Ion heating, electron acceleration, Alfvén waves, broadband waves, perpendicular electric field spikes, and auroral emissions Open
Recent Cluster studies reported properties of multiple energy-dispersed ion structures in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) that showed substructure with several well separated ion beamlets, covering energies from 3 keV up to 100 keV …
View article: Origin of the turbulent spectra in the high-altitude cusp: Cluster spacecraft observations
Origin of the turbulent spectra in the high-altitude cusp: Cluster spacecraft observations Open
High-resolution magnetic field data from Cluster Flux Gate Magnetometer (FGM) and the Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations (STAFF) instruments are used to study turbulent magnetic field fluctuations during the high-altitude cusp …
View article: SPACE AND GROUND-BASED INVESTIGATIONS OF DAYSIDE RECONNECTION: CLUSTER, DOUBLE STAR AND SUPERDARN OBSERVATIONS
SPACE AND GROUND-BASED INVESTIGATIONS OF DAYSIDE RECONNECTION: CLUSTER, DOUBLE STAR AND SUPERDARN OBSERVATIONS Open
In this paper, we present an overview of several investigations that have exploited Cluster, Double Star and SuperDARN radar data in order to scrutinise the coupling of the solar wind, magnetosphere and ionosphere. The studies introduced h…
View article: The changing topology of the duskside low-latitude boundary layer in relation to IMF orientation
The changing topology of the duskside low-latitude boundary layer in relation to IMF orientation Open
On 7 December 2000, Cluster made an extended outbound radial traversal of the duskside magnetopause boundary layer. The long duration of the crossing, during which Cluster spent several hours within 2RE of the nominal magnetopause, allows …
View article: How typical are atypical current sheets?
How typical are atypical current sheets? Open
Using multi‐satellite Cluster magnetic field data, we statistically examined how often an atypical, i.e., non‐Harris type, current sheet is formed. We found that a cross‐tail current sheet with an off‐equatorial current density maximum, in…
View article: Cluster observations of currents in the plasma sheet during reconnection
Cluster observations of currents in the plasma sheet during reconnection Open
We present Cluster PEACE observations of parallel electron currents near a reversal of accelerated ion flows which indicated that the spacecraft were in the vicinity of an active reconnection X‐line (XL). Moments calculated from the PEACE …
View article: The Magnetospheric Cusp: Structure and Dynamics
The Magnetospheric Cusp: Structure and Dynamics Open
Understanding the polar cusps is essential for a thorough understanding of the entire physics of the magnetosphere, and of the dynamical interaction between the solar wind and any planetary magnetosphere. Energetic electrons are unique to …
View article: The location of the open-closed magnetic field line boundary in the dawn sector auroral ionosphere
The location of the open-closed magnetic field line boundary in the dawn sector auroral ionosphere Open
As a measure of the degree of coupling between the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere systems, the rate at which the size of the polar cap (the region corresponding to ionospheric termini of open magnetic flux tubes) varies is of prime im…
View article: Magnetic turbulence in the plasma sheet
Magnetic turbulence in the plasma sheet Open
Small‐scale magnetic turbulence observed by the Cluster spacecraft in the plasma sheet is investigated by means of a wavelet estimator suitable for detecting distinct scaling characteristics even in noisy measurements. The spectral estimat…
View article: Ion injections at auroral latitude during the March 31, 2001 magnetic storm observed by Cluster
Ion injections at auroral latitude during the March 31, 2001 magnetic storm observed by Cluster Open
We present here simultaneous H + and O + ion dispersion signatures observed by three Cluster spacecraft above the northern auroral zone. These observations occur during strong geomagnetic activity (K p = 9) and are consistent with a time‐o…
View article: Pulsed flows at the high-altitude cusp poleward boundary, and associated ionospheric convection and particle signatures, during a Cluster - FAST - SuperDARN- Søndrestrøm conjunction under a southwest IMF
Pulsed flows at the high-altitude cusp poleward boundary, and associated ionospheric convection and particle signatures, during a Cluster - FAST - SuperDARN- Søndrestrøm conjunction under a southwest IMF Open
Particle and magnetic field observations during a magnetic conjunction Cluster 1-FAST-Søndrestrøm within the field of view of SuperDARN radars on 21 January 2001 allow us to draw a detailed, comprehensive and self-consistent picture at thr…
View article: Simultaneous observations of field‐aligned beams and gyrating ions in the terrestrial foreshock
Simultaneous observations of field‐aligned beams and gyrating ions in the terrestrial foreshock Open
We examine an energetic (2–30 keV) upstream ion event presenting a clear double‐peak spectrum observed ∼1 R E upstream from the bow shock. The lower‐energy ( E ∼ 3.5 keV) peak is associated with an ion beam propagating along the magnetic f…
View article: Orientation and motion of a discontinuity from single‐spacecraft measurements of plasma velocity and density: Minimum mass flux residue
Orientation and motion of a discontinuity from single‐spacecraft measurements of plasma velocity and density: Minimum mass flux residue Open
A simple analytical solution is presented to the problem of determining the orientation and motion of a one‐dimensional discontinuity in plasma velocity and density, measured by a single spacecraft as the discontinuity moves past it. The m…
View article: Solitary Waves Observed By Cluster In the Solar Wind
Solitary Waves Observed By Cluster In the Solar Wind Open
Short dropouts of the magnetic field intensity have been frequently observed in the solar wind on interplanetary spacecraft. But so far it could not be established whether these are caused by kinetic instabilities or whether they can be de…