I‐Ching Sam
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View article: Defective viral genomes for antiviral therapeutics, vector control, spillover prevention, and vaccine development
Defective viral genomes for antiviral therapeutics, vector control, spillover prevention, and vaccine development Open
Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are altered forms of viral genomes generated during error-prone replication, particularly in RNA viruses. This review examines the current understanding of DVG biology, its mechanisms of action, and its trans…
View article: Intertypic Recombination Between Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus A71 Structural and Non-Structural Genes Modulates Virulence and Protection Efficacy
Intertypic Recombination Between Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus A71 Structural and Non-Structural Genes Modulates Virulence and Protection Efficacy Open
Background/Objectives: Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) are major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), often co-circulating and occasionally undergoing genetic recombination. While natural recombi…
View article: Exploring the potential of enterovirus A71 fomite and respiratory transmission in a hamster model
Exploring the potential of enterovirus A71 fomite and respiratory transmission in a hamster model Open
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a common pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) frequently contracted by young children. The virus commonly transmits by faecal contamination, and possibly through direct or indirect contact via fomite…
View article: Spatio-temporal dynamics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Malaysia, 2009–2019
Spatio-temporal dynamics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Malaysia, 2009–2019 Open
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is endemic in Asia-Pacific. There is geographic variability in the timing of HFMD outbreaks throughout the year across the region, and seasonality becomes less clear towards tropical regions. We used syn…
View article: Barriers and facilitators to anal cancer screening among men who have sex with men: a systematic review with narrative synthesis
Barriers and facilitators to anal cancer screening among men who have sex with men: a systematic review with narrative synthesis Open
Background Increasing trends of anal cancer among men who have sex with men (MSM) highlight the importance of anal cancer screening. However, the screening rate of anal cancer among MSM remains relatively low. This systematic review aims t…
View article: Respiratory Symptoms and Health Outcomes of Rhinovirus and Influenza Virus Infections: Implications of Asthma, Diabetes Mellitus and Allergic Rhinitis in Rhinovirus C Infection
Respiratory Symptoms and Health Outcomes of Rhinovirus and Influenza Virus Infections: Implications of Asthma, Diabetes Mellitus and Allergic Rhinitis in Rhinovirus C Infection Open
Rhinovirus (RV), classified into RV‐A, RV‐B, and RV‐C, is a prevalent cause of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Here, we analysed RV infection and its clinical implications among outpatients with acute upper RTIs. Demographic data, bas…
View article: Costs of Influenza Illness and Acute Respiratory Infections by Household Income Level: Catastrophic Health Expenditures and Implications for Health Equity
Costs of Influenza Illness and Acute Respiratory Infections by Household Income Level: Catastrophic Health Expenditures and Implications for Health Equity Open
Background Seasonal influenza illness and acute respiratory infections can impose a substantial economic burden in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). We assessed the cost of influenza illness and acute respiratory infections across …
View article: Longitudinal Dynamics of Immune Response after mRNA and Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccination, Boosters, and Breakthrough Infections in Malaysia
Longitudinal Dynamics of Immune Response after mRNA and Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccination, Boosters, and Breakthrough Infections in Malaysia Open
View article: Antibody Response Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Malaysian Cancer Patients and Healthy Individuals
Antibody Response Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Malaysian Cancer Patients and Healthy Individuals Open
View article: A change in circulating chikungunya virus variant impacts Aedes aegypti vector competence and spatiotemporal distribution of disease in Malaysia
A change in circulating chikungunya virus variant impacts Aedes aegypti vector competence and spatiotemporal distribution of disease in Malaysia Open
Background In 2008–2010, Malaysia experienced a nationwide chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreak caused by the Indian Ocean lineage E1-226V (valine) variant, adapted to Aedes albopictus . In 2017–2022, transition to an E1-226A (alanine) varia…
View article: Clinical symptoms, comorbidities and health outcomes among outpatients infected with the common cold coronaviruses versus influenza virus
Clinical symptoms, comorbidities and health outcomes among outpatients infected with the common cold coronaviruses versus influenza virus Open
Background Common cold coronaviruses (ccCoVs) and influenza virus are common infectious agents causing upper respiratory tract infections (RTIs). However, clinical symptoms, comorbidities, and health effects of ccCoV infection remain under…
View article: Charting the path forward in Southeast Asia: Learning from the COVID-19 vaccination challenges in six ASEAN countries
Charting the path forward in Southeast Asia: Learning from the COVID-19 vaccination challenges in six ASEAN countries Open
With a population exceeding 630 million (8% of the global population), the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) accounted for approximately 61 million (7.9%) of global COVID-19 cases and 808 166 (11.6%) o…
View article: Stability of Enteroviruses on Toys Commonly Found in Kindergartens
Stability of Enteroviruses on Toys Commonly Found in Kindergartens Open
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious childhood disease caused by enteroviruses including enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) and CV-A16 transmitted via direct and indirect contact. Different types of toy sur…
View article: Comparative Evaluation of a Standard M10 Assay with Xpert Xpress for the Rapid Molecular Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B Virus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Comparative Evaluation of a Standard M10 Assay with Xpert Xpress for the Rapid Molecular Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B Virus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Open
SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B virus (IAV/IBV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are among the common viruses causing acute respiratory infections. Clinical diagnosis to differentiate these viruses is challenging due to similar clinical pr…
View article: Evaluation of Standard M10 Assay for Rapid Molecular Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Evaluation of Standard M10 Assay for Rapid Molecular Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Open
SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B virus (IAV/IBV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are among the common viruses causing acute respiratory infections. Clinical diagnosis to differentiate these viruses is challenging due to similar clinical pre…
View article: Substitution of Coxsackievirus A16 VP1 BC and EF Loop Altered the Protective Immune Responses in Chimera Enterovirus A71
Substitution of Coxsackievirus A16 VP1 BC and EF Loop Altered the Protective Immune Responses in Chimera Enterovirus A71 Open
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a childhood disease caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16). Capsid loops are important epitopes for EV-A71 and CV-A16. Seven chimeric EV-A71 (ChiE71) involving VP1 BC (45.5…
View article: Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus, Ae. aegypti and human populations to Ross River virus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus, Ae. aegypti and human populations to Ross River virus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Open
Background Emerging arboviruses such as chikungunya and Zika viruses have unexpectedly caused widespread outbreaks in tropical and subtropical regions recently. Ross River virus (RRV) is endemic in Australia and has epidemic potential. In …
View article: Humoral and T Cell Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 after Primary and Homologous or Heterologous Booster Vaccinations and Breakthrough Infection: A Longitudinal Cohort Study in Malaysia
Humoral and T Cell Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 after Primary and Homologous or Heterologous Booster Vaccinations and Breakthrough Infection: A Longitudinal Cohort Study in Malaysia Open
Vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 could be compromised by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and it is important to study how it impacts the booster vaccination regime. We investigated the humoral and T cell responses longitudinally in…
View article: Perspectives of vector management in the control and elimination of vector-borne zoonoses
Perspectives of vector management in the control and elimination of vector-borne zoonoses Open
The complex transmission profiles of vector-borne zoonoses (VZB) and vector-borne infections with animal reservoirs (VBIAR) complicate efforts to break the transmission circuit of these infections. To control and eliminate VZB and VBIAR, i…
View article: SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance in Malaysia: displacement of B.1.617.2 with AY lineages as the dominant Delta variants and the introduction of Omicron during the fourth epidemic wave
SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance in Malaysia: displacement of B.1.617.2 with AY lineages as the dominant Delta variants and the introduction of Omicron during the fourth epidemic wave Open
View article: The one health perspective to improve environmental surveillance of zoonotic viruses: lessons from COVID-19 and outlook beyond
The one health perspective to improve environmental surveillance of zoonotic viruses: lessons from COVID-19 and outlook beyond Open
The human population has doubled in the last 50 years from about 3.7 billion to approximately 7.8 billion. With this rapid expansion, more people live in close contact with wildlife, livestock, and pets, which in turn creates increasing op…
View article: Dearth of influenza among older adults admitted with respiratory symptoms in Malaysia during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in 2021
Dearth of influenza among older adults admitted with respiratory symptoms in Malaysia during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in 2021 Open
Introduction Influenza is a common respiratory virus which leads to over 400,000 annual deaths globally. Mortality from influenza is highest among those aged 75 years and over living in Africa and Southeast Asia. Objective To determine the…
View article: Rhinovirus/enterovirus was the most common respiratory virus detected in adults with severe acute respiratory infections pre-COVID-19 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Rhinovirus/enterovirus was the most common respiratory virus detected in adults with severe acute respiratory infections pre-COVID-19 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Open
Background Severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) pose a great global burden. The contribution of respiratory viruses to adult SARI is relatively understudied in Asia. We aimed to determine viral aetiology of adult SARI patients in Kua…
View article: Corrigendum to “SARS-CoV-2 multiplex RT-PCR to detect variants of concern (VOCs) in Malaysia, between January and May 2021” [J. Virol. Methods 301 (2022) 114462]
Corrigendum to “SARS-CoV-2 multiplex RT-PCR to detect variants of concern (VOCs) in Malaysia, between January and May 2021” [J. Virol. Methods 301 (2022) 114462] Open
View article: Pteropine orthoreovirus of Bat Origin: An Emerging Pathogen Associated with Cases of Acute Respiratory Infections
Pteropine orthoreovirus of Bat Origin: An Emerging Pathogen Associated with Cases of Acute Respiratory Infections Open
View article: SARS-CoV-2 multiplex RT-PCR to detect variants of concern (VOCs) in Malaysia, between January to May 2021
SARS-CoV-2 multiplex RT-PCR to detect variants of concern (VOCs) in Malaysia, between January to May 2021 Open
View article: Propagation of a hospital-associated cluster of COVID-19 in Malaysia
Propagation of a hospital-associated cluster of COVID-19 in Malaysia Open
Background Hospitals are vulnerable to COVID-19 outbreaks. Intrahospital transmission of the disease is a threat to the healthcare systems as it increases morbidity and mortality among patients. It is imperative to deepen our understanding…
View article: Changing predominant SARS‐CoV‐2 lineages drives successive COVID‐19 waves in Malaysia, February 2020 to March 2021
Changing predominant SARS‐CoV‐2 lineages drives successive COVID‐19 waves in Malaysia, February 2020 to March 2021 Open
Malaysia has experienced three waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) as of March 31, 2021. We studied the associated molecular epidemiology and SARS‐CoV‐2 seroprevalence during the third wave. We obtained 60 whole‐genome SARS‐CoV‐2 …
View article: Detection of respiratory viruses in adults with suspected COVID-19 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Detection of respiratory viruses in adults with suspected COVID-19 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Open
View article: Influenza in Malaysian adult patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma: a multicenter, active surveillance study
Influenza in Malaysian adult patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma: a multicenter, active surveillance study Open