Sam Trejo
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View article: Policing the boundaries of Blackness: How Black and White Americans evaluate racial self-identifications
Policing the boundaries of Blackness: How Black and White Americans evaluate racial self-identifications Open
How do people assess the authenticity and legitimacy of another person’s racial self-identification? This study explores the racial conceptions held by both Black and White Americans as they decide who they believe can–and cannot–self-iden…
View article: Genotypic and socioeconomic risks for depressive symptoms in two U.S. cohorts spanning early to older adulthood.
Genotypic and socioeconomic risks for depressive symptoms in two U.S. cohorts spanning early to older adulthood. Open
The developmental pathways linking genetic risk for depression and depressive symptoms in adulthood remain poorly understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 5,690), we found that the association b…
View article: Genotypic and Socioeconomic Risks for Depressive Symptoms in Two U.S. Cohorts Spanning Early to Older Adulthood
Genotypic and Socioeconomic Risks for Depressive Symptoms in Two U.S. Cohorts Spanning Early to Older Adulthood Open
Genome-wide association studies have identified specific genetic variants associated with depression and depressive symptoms, but the developmental pathways that convey genetic risk remain poorly understood. Using data from the National Lo…
View article: DNA, Self-Reported Ancestry, and Social Scientific Inquiry
DNA, Self-Reported Ancestry, and Social Scientific Inquiry Open
Today, one in five Americans has taken a genetic ancestry test (GAT), which estimates the proportion of a person’s DNA that fall into various geographic categories. While much research has focused on [i] conceptually distinguishing race fr…
View article: Using the phenotype differences model to identify genetic effects in samples of partially genotyped sibling pairs
Using the phenotype differences model to identify genetic effects in samples of partially genotyped sibling pairs Open
The identification of causal relationships between specific genes and social, behavioral, and health outcomes is challenging due to environmental confounding from population stratification and dynastic genetic effects. Existing methods to …
View article: Does standard adjustment for genomic population structure capture direct genetic effects?
Does standard adjustment for genomic population structure capture direct genetic effects? Open
Contemporary genomic studies of complex traits, such as genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic index (PGI) analyses, often use the principal components of the genotype matrix (PCs) to adjust for population stratification. In…
View article: The Effects of the Flint water crisis on the educational outcomes of school-age children
The Effects of the Flint water crisis on the educational outcomes of school-age children Open
In 2014, the municipal water source in Flint, Michigan was switched, causing lead from aging pipes to leach into the city’s drinking water. While lead exposure in Flint children increased modestly on average, some children were exposed to …
View article: Exploring the Fetal Origins Hypothesis Using Genetic Data
Exploring the Fetal Origins Hypothesis Using Genetic Data Open
Birth weight is a robust predictor of valued life course outcomes, emphasizing the importance of prenatal development. But does birth weight act as a proxy for environmental conditions in utero, or do biological processes surrounding birth…
View article: Genotypic and Socioeconomic Risks for Depressive Symptoms in Two U.S. Cohorts Spanning Early to Older Adulthood
Genotypic and Socioeconomic Risks for Depressive Symptoms in Two U.S. Cohorts Spanning Early to Older Adulthood Open
Genome-wide association studies have identified specific genetic variants associated with depression and depressive symptoms, but the developmental pathways that convey genetic risk remain poorly understood. Using data from the National Lo…
View article: Genotypic and Socioeconomic Risks for Depressive Symptoms in Two U.S. Cohorts Spanning Early to Older Adulthood
Genotypic and Socioeconomic Risks for Depressive Symptoms in Two U.S. Cohorts Spanning Early to Older Adulthood Open
Genome-wide association studies have identified specific genetic variants associated with depression and depressive symptoms, but the developmental pathways that convey genetic risk remain poorly understood. Using data from the National Lo…
View article: “They have Black in their blood”: Exploring how genetic ancestry tests affect racial appraisals and classifications
“They have Black in their blood”: Exploring how genetic ancestry tests affect racial appraisals and classifications Open
How do people assess the authenticity and legitimacy of another person’s racial self-identification? This study explores the racial conceptions held by both Black and WhiteAmericans as they decide who they believe can–and cannot–self-ident…
View article: The Phenotype Differences Model Reveals Genetic Effects on Mortality Using Incomplete Sibling Data
The Phenotype Differences Model Reveals Genetic Effects on Mortality Using Incomplete Sibling Data Open
The identification of causal relationships between specific genes and social, behavioral, and health outcomes is challenging due to environmental confounding from population stratification and dynastic genetic effects. Numerous existing me…
View article: Beware of the phony horserace between genes and environments
Beware of the phony horserace between genes and environments Open
Although Burt provides a valuable critique of the scientific value of integrating genetic data into social science research, she reinforces rather than disrupts the age-old horserace between genetic effects and environmental effects. We mu…
View article: Ubiquitous bias and false discovery due to model misspecification in analysis of statistical interactions: The role of the outcome’s distribution and metric properties.
Ubiquitous bias and false discovery due to model misspecification in analysis of statistical interactions: The role of the outcome’s distribution and metric properties. Open
Studies of interaction effects are of great interest because they identify crucial interplay between predictors in explaining outcomes. Previous work has considered several potential sources of statistical bias and substantive misinterpret…
View article: My school district isn't segregated: Experimental evidence on the effect of information on parental preferences regarding school segregation
My school district isn't segregated: Experimental evidence on the effect of information on parental preferences regarding school segregation Open
Economic school segregation has proven to be a stubbornly persistent feature of public schooling in the United States. In this study, we conduct a nationally representative survey of parents to explore the relationship between beliefs and …
View article: Ubiquitous bias & false discovery due to model misspecification in analysis of statistical interactions: The role of the outcome's distribution and metric properties
Ubiquitous bias & false discovery due to model misspecification in analysis of statistical interactions: The role of the outcome's distribution and metric properties Open
Lived experience suggests substantial heterogeneity in how people react to a common stimuli. Previous work has considered several potential sources of bias and confusion in studying interactions but less attention has been devoted to the n…
View article: An ordinal model for analysis of years of education
An ordinal model for analysis of years of education Open
Years of education is a commonly used outcome variable in many lifecourse studies. We argue that such studies may derive additional insights from analysis of years of education as an ordinal rather than continuous outcome. The conservative…
View article: Distinguishing between interaction and dispersion effects in the analysis of gene-environment interaction
Distinguishing between interaction and dispersion effects in the analysis of gene-environment interaction Open
Genotype-by-environment interaction (GxE) occurs when the size of a genetic effect varies systematically across levels of the environment and when the size of an environmental effect varies systematically across levels of the genotype. How…
View article: Local exposure to school shootings and youth antidepressant use
Local exposure to school shootings and youth antidepressant use Open
Significance In the last two decades, over 240,000 American students were on school grounds when a gunman opened fire at their school. While public attention often focuses on the victims who were killed, less is known about the impacts of …
View article: The Earliest Origins of Genetic Nurture: The Prenatal Environment Mediates the Association Between Maternal Genetics and Child Development
The Earliest Origins of Genetic Nurture: The Prenatal Environment Mediates the Association Between Maternal Genetics and Child Development Open
Observed genetic associations with educational attainment may be due to direct or indirect genetic influences. Recent work highlights genetic nurture, the potential effect of parents’ genetics on their child’s educational outcomes via rear…
View article: Interactions between polygenic scores and environments: Methodological and conceptual challenges
Interactions between polygenic scores and environments: Methodological and conceptual challenges Open
Interest in the study of gene-environment interaction has recently grown due to the sudden availability of molecular genetic data—in particular, polygenic scores—in many long-running cohort studies. Identifying and estimating statistical i…
View article: Interactions between Polygenic Scores and Environments: Methodological and Conceptual Challenges
Interactions between Polygenic Scores and Environments: Methodological and Conceptual Challenges Open
Interest in the study of gene-environment interaction has recently grown due to the sudden availability of molecular genetic data-in particular, polygenic scores-in many long-running longitudinal studies. Identifying and estimating statist…
View article: Local Exposure to School Shootings and Youth Antidepressant Use
Local Exposure to School Shootings and Youth Antidepressant Use Open
While over 240,000 American students experienced a school shooting in the last two decades, little is known about the impacts of these events on the mental health of surviving youth. Using large-scale prescription data from 2006 to 2015, w…
View article: Genetic Nature or Genetic Nurture? Quantifying Bias in Analyses Using Polygenic Scores
Genetic Nature or Genetic Nurture? Quantifying Bias in Analyses Using Polygenic Scores Open
Summary statistics from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) can be used to generate a polygenic score (PGS). For complex, behavioral traits, the correlation between an individual’s PGS and their phenotype may contain bias alongside the …
View article: Genetics and Education: Recent Developments in the Context of an Ugly History and an Uncertain Future
Genetics and Education: Recent Developments in the Context of an Ugly History and an Uncertain Future Open
Driven by our recent mapping of the human genome, genetics research is increasingly prominent and beginning to reintersect with education research. We describe previous intersections of these fields, focusing on the ways that they were har…
View article: Genetics and Education: Recent developments in the context of an ugly history and an uncertain future
Genetics and Education: Recent developments in the context of an ugly history and an uncertain future Open
Driven by our recent mapping of the human genome, genetics research is increasingly prominent and beginning to re-intersect with education research. We describe previous intersections of these fields, focusing specifically on the ways they…