Sarah E. Gaither
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View article: Talk to the hand: Black and White cultural differences in gesture use.
Talk to the hand: Black and White cultural differences in gesture use. Open
One reason that Black and White individuals often have difficulties in their interactions may stem from differences in nonverbal communication styles (Bishop, 1979; Crago et al., 1997; J. N. Shelton et al., 2023; Varonis & Gass, 1985). Her…
View article: Considering Multiplicity in Racial Ethnic Socialization
Considering Multiplicity in Racial Ethnic Socialization Open
An often-underacknowledged component of racial ethnic identity development concerns youth's multiple social identities, which affect how and when youth receive racial ethnic socialization (RES) from parents and caregivers. Here, we review …
View article: Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social, Methodological, and Metascientific Considerations
Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social, Methodological, and Metascientific Considerations Open
The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively changed the state of psychological science from what research questions psychologists can ask to which methodologies psychologists can use to investigate them. In this article, we offer a perspective o…
View article: Children’s Use of Race in Their Social Judgments: A Multi-Site, Multi-Racial Group Comparison
Children’s Use of Race in Their Social Judgments: A Multi-Site, Multi-Racial Group Comparison Open
Studies assessing children’s use of race in social judgment have often focused on White participants and usually include targets of only one or two racial backgrounds. They have also employed a wide range of methods, making comparisons acr…
View article: Intentionality and Congruence Cues Shape Young Children's Perceptions of Identity‐Based Group Membership
Intentionality and Congruence Cues Shape Young Children's Perceptions of Identity‐Based Group Membership Open
As young as 3 years old, children rely on a mutual intentionality framework to confer group membership—that is, agreement between a joiner (“I want to be in your group”) and group (“We want you to be in our group”). Here, we tested whether…
View article: How diversity in contexts and experiences shape perception and learning across the lifespan.
How diversity in contexts and experiences shape perception and learning across the lifespan. Open
The field of psychology has a long history of studying how diversity influences various outcomes such as identity development, social behaviors, perceptions, and decision making. However, considering the ways that diversity science researc…
View article: It's not what you say it's what you do: School diversity ideologies and adolescent mental health and academic engagement
It's not what you say it's what you do: School diversity ideologies and adolescent mental health and academic engagement Open
This study examined the relation between schools' color‐evasive versus multicultural diversity ideologies, school characteristics, and adolescent development. Across two datasets linking individual‐level survey data ( N = 1692) and adminis…
View article: Testing intergroup contact theory through a natural experiment of randomized college roommate assignments in the United States.
Testing intergroup contact theory through a natural experiment of randomized college roommate assignments in the United States. Open
Many colleges and universities seek to leverage the promise of intergroup contact theory by adopting housing policies that randomly assign first-year students to roommates, with the goal of increasing intergroup contact. Yet, it is unclear…
View article: The rich get richer? Children’s reasoning about socioeconomic status predicts inclusion and resource bias.
The rich get richer? Children’s reasoning about socioeconomic status predicts inclusion and resource bias. Open
Children's socioeconomic status (SES) is linked to disparate access to resources and affects social behaviors such as inclusion and resource allocations. Yet it is unclear whether children's essentialized view of SES (i.e., believing SES i…
View article: Parent and self-socialization of gender intergroup attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors among ethnically and geographically diverse young children.
Parent and self-socialization of gender intergroup attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors among ethnically and geographically diverse young children. Open
Previous work has shown the robust nature of gender bias in both children and adults. However, much less attention has been paid toward understanding what factors shape these biases. The current preregistered study used parent surveys and …
View article: Hypodescent or ingroup overexclusion?: Children's and adults’ racial categorization of ambiguous black/white biracial faces
Hypodescent or ingroup overexclusion?: Children's and adults’ racial categorization of ambiguous black/white biracial faces Open
Two processes describe racially ambiguous Black/White Biracial categorization—the one‐drop rule, or hypodescent , whereby racially ambiguous people are categorized as members of their socially subordinated racial group (i.e., Black/White B…
View article: Two or More
Two or More Open
Most research has investigated Multiracial and Multicultural populations as separate topics, despite demographic and experiential overlap between these. This Element bridges that divide by reviewing and comparing Multiracial and Multicultu…
View article: When is masculinity “fragile”? An expectancy-discrepancy-threat model of masculine identity
When is masculinity “fragile”? An expectancy-discrepancy-threat model of masculine identity Open
[accepted for publication in Personality and Social Psychology Review on November 8, 2022] Manhood is a precarious social status (Bosson et al., 2021). Under perceived gender identity threat, men are disproportionately likely to enact cert…
View article: Voter Evaluations of Biracial-Identified Political Candidates
Voter Evaluations of Biracial-Identified Political Candidates Open
Today, identity expression and acceptance represent an important area of political advocacy and representation. Yet, how responsive are voters to new racial identity cues promoted by political leaders? Using candidates with interracial bac…
View article: How White American Children Develop Racial Biases in Emotion Reasoning
How White American Children Develop Racial Biases in Emotion Reasoning Open
For decades, affective scientists have examined how adults and children reason about others’ emotions. Yet, our knowledge is limited regarding how emotion reasoning is impacted by race—that is, how individuals reason about emotions display…
View article: How Cross-Discipline Understanding and Communication Can Improve Research on Multiracial Populations
How Cross-Discipline Understanding and Communication Can Improve Research on Multiracial Populations Open
One of the strengths of Critical Mixed Race Studies is that it represents research methodologies and frameworks from multiple disciplines across the social sciences and humanities. However, if these disciplines are not in dialogue with eac…
View article: About Face: Seeing Class and Race
About Face: Seeing Class and Race Open
People’s social class, and the perceptions of their social class are embedded in an institutional context that has important ramifications for one’s life opportunities and outcomes. Research on first impressions has found that people are r…
View article: Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social, Methodological, and Metascientific Considerations
Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social, Methodological, and Metascientific Considerations Open
The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively changed the state of psychological science from what research questions psychologists can ask to which methodologies psychologists can use to investigate them. In this article, we offer a perspective o…
View article: Who Can Be in a Group? 3- to 5-Year-Old Children Construe Realistic Social Groups Through Mutual Intentionality
Who Can Be in a Group? 3- to 5-Year-Old Children Construe Realistic Social Groups Through Mutual Intentionality Open
Recent research suggests that young children’s causal justification for minimal group membership can be induced via a cognitive framework of mutual intentionality. That is, an individual can become a group member when both the individual a…
View article: Alcohol use and related consequences for monoracial and multiracial Native American/American Indian college students.
Alcohol use and related consequences for monoracial and multiracial Native American/American Indian college students. Open
Native American/American Indian (NA/AI) and Multiracial people (those who claim multiple racial identities) report notably high alcohol use compared to other racial groups in the United States. Nearly half of the NA/AI population is also M…
View article: Mixed-Heritage Individuals’ Encounters with Raciolinguistic Ideologies
Mixed-Heritage Individuals’ Encounters with Raciolinguistic Ideologies Open
Mixed-heritage individuals (MHIs) are known to face high levels of social exclusion. Here, we investigate how raciolinguistic ideologies related to one’s heritage language abilities add to these exclusionary experiences. The results from 2…
View article: Race, Gender, and the Development of Cross-Race Egalitarianism
Race, Gender, and the Development of Cross-Race Egalitarianism Open
Over the course of development, children acquire adult-like thinking about social categories such as race, which in turn informs their perceptions, attitudes, and behavior. However, children's developing perceptions of race have been under…
View article: Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social, Methodological, and Meta-Scientific Considerations
Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social, Methodological, and Meta-Scientific Considerations Open
The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively changed the state of psychological science, from what research questions psychologists can ask to which methodologies psychologists can employ to investigate them. In this article, we offer a perspecti…
View article: Stereotype Threat in Black College Students Across Many Operationalizations
Stereotype Threat in Black College Students Across Many Operationalizations Open
According to stereotype threat theory, the possibility of confirming a negative group stereotype evokes feelings of threat, leading people to underperform in domains where they are stereotyped as lacking ability. This theory has immense th…