Explanipedia

Recent cloud trends and extremes reaffirm moderate climate sensitivity Open

Timothy A. Myers, Yi Qin, Li‐Wei Chao, Stephen A. Klein, Stephen Po–Chedley , et al. · 2025

Earth's energy imbalance exhibits a robust positive trend over the past two decades, reaching a record value in 2023. Both the trend and year-to-year anomalies are primarily attributable to decreased reflection of sunlight by low-level clo…

Evaluating Mean State Cloud Properties in the Simple Cloud‐Resolving E3SM Atmosphere Model (SCREAM) Open

Li‐Wei Chao, Mark D. Zelinka, Christopher R. Terai, Hassan Beydoun, Benjamin Hillman , et al. · 2025

Accurately simulating clouds remains a key challenge in global climate models, primarily because cloud formation involves sub‐grid processes that are parameterized and crudely represented in models. This study examines the performance of D…

Evaluating Mean State Cloud Properties in the Simple Cloud-Resolving E3SM Atmosphere Model Open

Li‐Wei Chao, Mark D. Zelinka, Christopher R. Terai, Hassan Beydoun, Benjamin Hillman , et al. · 2025

Impact of Turbulence Representation on the Relationship Between Cloud Feedback and Aerosol‐Cloud Interaction in an E3SMv2 Perturbed Parameter Ensemble Open

Yi Qin, Po‐Lun Ma, Mark D. Zelinka, Stephen A. Klein, Tao Zhang , et al. · 2025

Recent studies reveal an anti‐correlation between global cloud feedback (CF) and effective radiative forcing due to aerosol‐cloud interaction (ERFaci) in Earth system models, but the physical mechanisms underlying it remain uncertain. Here…

Earth's Energy Imbalance More Than Doubled in Recent Decades Open

Thorsten Mauritsen, Yoko Tsushima, Benoît Meyssignac, Norman G. Loeb, Maria Z. Hakuba , et al. · 2025

Global warming results from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions which upset the delicate balance between the incoming sunlight, and the reflected and emitted radiation from Earth. The imbalance leads to energy accumulation in the atmosp…

Technical note: Recommendations for diagnosing cloud feedbacks and rapid cloud adjustments using cloud radiative kernels Open

Mark D. Zelinka, Li‐Wei Chao, Timothy A. Myers, Yi Qin, Stephen A. Klein · 2025

The cloud radiative kernel method is a popular approach to quantify cloud feedbacks and rapid cloud adjustments to increased CO2 concentrations and to partition contributions from changes in cloud amount, altitude, and optical depth. Howev…

Technical Note: Recommendations for Diagnosing Cloud Feedbacks and Rapid Cloud Adjustments Using Cloud Radiative Kernels Open

Mark D. Zelinka, Li‐Wei Chao, Timothy A. Myers, Yi Qin, Stephen A. Klein · 2024

The cloud radiative kernel method is a popular approach to quantify cloud feedbacks and rapid cloud adjustments to increased CO2 concentrations, and to partition contributions from changes in cloud amount, altitude, and optical depth. Howe…

How Well Does the DOE Global Storm Resolving Model Simulate Clouds and Precipitation Over the Amazon? Open

Jingjing Tian, Yunyan Zhang, Stephen A. Klein, Christopher R. Terai, Peter Caldwell , et al. · 2024

This study assesses a 40‐day 3.25‐km global simulation of the Simple Cloud‐Resolving E3SM Model (SCREAMv0) using high‐resolution ground‐based observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) field…

Using Satellite and ARM Observations to Evaluate Cold Air Outbreak Cloud Transitions in E3SM Global Storm‐Resolving Simulations Open

Xue Zheng, Yunyan Zhang, Stephen A. Klein, Meng Zhang, Zhibo Zhang , et al. · 2024

This study examines marine boundary layer cloud regime transition during a cold air outbreak (CAO) over the Norwegian Sea, simulated by a global storm‐resolving model (GSRM) known as the Simple Cloud‐Resolving Energy Exascale Earth System …

Larger Cloud Liquid Water Enhances Both Aerosol Indirect Forcing and Cloud Radiative Feedback in Two Earth System Models Open

Xi Zhao, Xiaohong Liu, Lin Lin, Yi Qin, Mark D. Zelinka , et al. · 2024

Previous studies have noticed that the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models with a stronger cooling from aerosol‐cloud interactions (ACI) also have an enhanced warming from positive cloud feedback, and these two opp…

Causes of Reduced Climate Sensitivity in E3SM From Version 1 to Version 2 Open

Yi Qin, Xue Zheng, Stephen A. Klein, Mark D. Zelinka, Po‐Lun Ma , et al. · 2024

The effective climate sensitivity in the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) has decreased from 5.3 K in version 1 to 4.0 K in version 2. This reduction is mainly due to a weaker positive cloud feedback that le…

Using Satellite and ARM Observations to Evaluate Cold Air Outbreak Cloud Transitions in E3SM Global Storm-Resolving Simulations Open

Xue Zheng, Yunyan Zhang, Stephen A. Klein, Meng Zhang, Zhibo Zhang , et al. · 2023

This study evaluates the performance of a global storm-resolving model (GSRM), the Simple Cloud-Resolving E3SM Atmosphere Model (SCREAM). We analyze marine boundary layer clouds in a cold air outbreak over the Norwegian Sea in a 40-day sim…

Summertime Near‐Surface Temperature Biases Over the Central United States in Convection‐Permitting Simulations Open

Hongchen Qin, Stephen A. Klein, Hsi‐Yen Ma, Kwinten Van Weverberg, Zhe Feng , et al. · 2023

Convection‐Permitting Model (CPM) simulations of the Central United States climate for the summer of 2011 are studied to understand the causes of warm biases in 2‐m air temperature (T 2m ) and related underestimates of precipitation includ…

Impact of cumulus parameterization on tropical cloud, radiation, and precipitation in GFDL AM2 Open

Yu-Chun Lin, Ming Zhao, V. Ramaswamy, Yi Ming, Jean‐Christophe Golaz , et al. · 2023

Causes of Reduced Climate Sensitivity in E3SM from Version 1 to Version 2 Open

Yi Qin, Xue Zheng, Stephen A. Klein, Mark D. Zelinka, Po‐Lun Ma , et al. · 2023

The effective climate sensitivity in the Department of Energy’s Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) has decreased from 5.3 K in version 1 to 4.0 K in version 2. This reduction is mainly due to a weaker positive cloud feedback that le…

Observational Constraints on the Cloud Feedback Pattern Effect Open

Timothy A. Myers, Mark D. Zelinka, Stephen A. Klein · 2023

Model evidence for the “pattern effect” assumes that global climate models (GCMs) faithfully simulate how clouds respond to varying sea surface temperature (SST) patterns and associated meteorological perturbations. We exploit time-invaria…

Superior Daily and Sub‐Daily Precipitation Statistics for Intense and Long‐Lived Storms in Global Storm‐Resolving Models Open

Hsi‐Yen Ma, Stephen A. Klein, Jiwoo Lee, Min‐Seop Ahn, Tao Cheng , et al. · 2022

Daily and sub‐daily precipitation statistics are investigated from three global model ensembles: (a) global storm‐resolving models (GSRMs) with typical horizontal resolutions of ∼4 km, (b) “high”‐resolution global models with typical resol…

Better calibration of cloud parameterizations and subgrid effects increases the fidelity of the E3SM Atmosphere Model version 1 Open

Po‐Lun Ma, Bryce E. Harrop, Vincent E. Larson, Richard Neale, Andrew Gettelman , et al. · 2022

Realistic simulation of the Earth's mean-state climate remains a major challenge, and yet it is crucial for predicting the climate system in transition. Deficiencies in models' process representations, propagation of errors from one proces…

How Does Land Cover and Its Heterogeneity Length Scales Affect the Formation of Summertime Shallow Cumulus Clouds in Observations From the US Southern Great Plains? Open

Jingjing Tian, Yunyan Zhang, Stephen A. Klein, Ruşen Öktem, Likun Wang · 2022

This study investigates the effects of heterogeneous land covers on shallow cumulus (ShCu) clouds at the US Southern Great Plains using high‐resolution satellite and land cover data. During late summer, ShCu occurs over cities the most fre…

On the Correspondence Between Atmosphere‐Only and Coupled Simulations for Radiative Feedbacks and Forcing From CO<sub>2</sub> Open

Yi Qin, Mark D. Zelinka, Stephen A. Klein · 2022

Atmosphere‐only experiments are widely used to investigate climate feedbacks simulated in more computationally expensive fully coupled global climate model simulations. We confirm that this remains a valid approach by comparing the radiati…

What Determines the Number and the Timing of Pulses in Afternoon Precipitation in the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) Observations? Open

Yang Tian, Yunyan Zhang, Stephen A. Klein · 2022

Using GoAmazon observations over the central Amazon, we investigate double‐pulse events of afternoon precipitation for the first time. Relative humidity is the dominant factor in determining the onset timing and the number of pulses of pre…

Evaluating Climate Models’ Cloud Feedbacks Against Expert Judgment Open

Mark D. Zelinka, Stephen A. Klein, Yi Qin, Timothy A. Myers · 2022

The persistent and growing spread in effective climate sensitivity (ECS) across global climate models necessitates rigorous evaluation of their cloud feedbacks. Here we evaluate several cloud feedback components simulated in 19 climate mod…

Improving Measurement in Career and Technical Education Research Open

Shaun M. Dougherty, Samuel K. Kamin, Stephen A. Klein · 2021

Nationwide in 2013, more than half of all high school graduates (58%) earned two or more credits in a career and technical education (CTE) subject area. Among college students, more than two thirds of all undergraduate credentials (68%) we…

Harnessing State Longitudinal Data Systems to Access Career and Technical Education Outcomes Open

Jay Pfeiffer, Stephen A. Klein · 2021

Students participating in career and technical education (CTE) programming must complete years of technical coursework to acquire the advanced skills, credentials, and degrees necessary for workforce success. Statewide longitudinal data sy…

Comment on gmd-2021-298 Open

Po‐Lun Ma, Bryce E. Harrop, Vincent E. Larson, Richard Neale, Andrew Gettelman , et al. · 2021

Abstract. Realistic simulation of the Earth's mean-state climate remains a major challenge, and yet it is crucial for predicting the climate system in transition. Deficiencies in models' process representations, propagatio…

Comment on gmd-2021-298 Open

Po‐Lun Ma, Bryce E. Harrop, Vincent E. Larson, Richard Neale, Andrew Gettelman , et al. · 2021

Abstract. Realistic simulation of the Earth's mean-state climate remains a major challenge, and yet it is crucial for predicting the climate system in transition. Deficiencies in models' process representations, propagatio…

Better calibration of cloud parameterizations and subgrid effects increases the fidelity of E3SM Atmosphere Model version 1 Open

Po‐Lun Ma, Bryce E. Harrop, Vincent E. Larson, Richard Neale, Andrew Gettelman , et al. · 2021

Realistic simulation of the Earth’s mean state climate remains a major challenge and yet it is crucial for predicting the climate system in transition. Deficiencies in models’ process representations, propagation of errors from one process…

Better calibration of cloud parameterizations and subgrid effects increases the fidelity of E3SM Atmosphere Model version 1 Open

Po‐Lun Ma, Bryce E. Harrop, Vincent E. Larson, Richard Neale, Andrew Gettelman , et al. · 2021

Realistic simulation of the Earth’s mean state climate remains a major challenge and yet it is crucial for predicting the climate system in transition. Deficiencies in models’ process representations, propagation of errors from one process…

Evaluating climate models' cloud feedbacks against expert judgement Open

Mark D. Zelinka, Stephen A. Klein, Yi Qin · 2021

Earth and Space Science Open Archive This work has been accepted for publication in Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres. Version of RecordESSOAr is a venue for early communication or feedback before peer review. Data may be preli…

On the Correspondence between Atmosphere-Only and Coupled Simulations forRadiative Feedbacks and Forcing from CO2 Open

Yi Qin, Mark D. Zelinka, Stephen A. Klein · 2021

Earth and Space Science Open Archive This preprint has been submitted to and is under consideration at Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres. ESSOAr is a venue for early communication or feedback before peer review. Data may be pre…

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