Steven L. Levine
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View article: Characterization of the spectrum of insecticidal activity of Cry1B.3, Cry1Da_7, and Vip3Cb1 proteins produced by lepidopteran-protected MON 89151 cotton
Characterization of the spectrum of insecticidal activity of Cry1B.3, Cry1Da_7, and Vip3Cb1 proteins produced by lepidopteran-protected MON 89151 cotton Open
The spectrum of insecticidal activity of the Cry1B.3, Cry1Da_7, and Vip3Cb1 proteins targeting lepidopteran insect pests produced by MON 89151 cotton was characterized with microbially-produced protein-incorporated diet bioassays against s…
View article: Ecological risk assessment for Cry1Da_7, Cry1B.3 and Vip3Cb1 proteins expressed in MON 89151 cotton: an insect-protected cotton with targeted activity against Lepidoptera
Ecological risk assessment for Cry1Da_7, Cry1B.3 and Vip3Cb1 proteins expressed in MON 89151 cotton: an insect-protected cotton with targeted activity against Lepidoptera Open
An ecological risk assessment (ERA) was conducted for MON 89151, which expresses three proteins (Cry1Da_7, Cry1B.3, and Vip3Cb1) developed to help protect against lepidopteran pests such as Heliothis virescens, Helicoverpa zea, and Spodopt…
View article: Challenges and Opportunities in the Development and Adoption of New Approach Methods (NAMs)
Challenges and Opportunities in the Development and Adoption of New Approach Methods (NAMs) Open
View article: Acute toxicity of pesticide mixtures to honey bees is generally additive, and well predicted by Concentration Addition
Acute toxicity of pesticide mixtures to honey bees is generally additive, and well predicted by Concentration Addition Open
Understanding the frequency of non-additive effects of pesticides (synergism and antagonism) is important in the context of risk assessment. The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence of non-additive effects of pesticides to …
View article: Acute Toxicity of Pesticide Mixtures to Honey Bees is Generally Additive, and Well Predicted by Concentration Addition
Acute Toxicity of Pesticide Mixtures to Honey Bees is Generally Additive, and Well Predicted by Concentration Addition Open
View article: Criteria to evaluate the reliability of interaction studies with insecticidal proteins
Criteria to evaluate the reliability of interaction studies with insecticidal proteins Open
This paper recommends five criteria to evaluate the reliability of interaction studies with insecticidal proteins. However, these criteria are broadly applicable to an interaction analysis with any type of substance. The recommended criter…
View article: Sequence–Activity Relationships for the Snf7 Insecticidal dsRNA in Chrysomelidae
Sequence–Activity Relationships for the Snf7 Insecticidal dsRNA in Chrysomelidae Open
The responsiveness of insects to oral delivery of insecticidal dsRNA has been shown to be dependent on dsRNA length and sequence match. Previous work with the western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; Coleoptera: C…
View article: Sublethal Endpoints in Non-target Organism Testing for Insect-Active GE Crops
Sublethal Endpoints in Non-target Organism Testing for Insect-Active GE Crops Open
Historically, genetically engineered (GE) plants that have incorporated genes conferring insect protection have primarily used Cry proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to achieve their insecticidal phenotype. As …
Assessing the Potential for Interaction in Insecticidal Activity Between MON 87751 × MON 87701 Produced by Conventional Breeding Open
View article: Overcoming Challenges of Incorporating Higher Tier Data in Ecological Risk Assessments and Risk Management of Pesticides in the United States: Findings and Recommendations from the 2017 Workshop on Regulation and Innovation in Agriculture
Overcoming Challenges of Incorporating Higher Tier Data in Ecological Risk Assessments and Risk Management of Pesticides in the United States: Findings and Recommendations from the 2017 Workshop on Regulation and Innovation in Agriculture Open
Pesticide regulation requires regulatory authorities to assess the potential ecological risk of pesticides submitted for registration, and most risk assessment schemes use a tiered testing and assessment approach. Standardized ecotoxicity …
View article: Distinguishing between endocrine disruption and non-specific effects on endocrine systems
Distinguishing between endocrine disruption and non-specific effects on endocrine systems Open
The endocrine system is responsible for growth, development, maintaining homeostasis and for the control of many physiological processes. Due to the integral nature of its signaling pathways, it can be difficult to distinguish endocrine-me…
View article: Review and recommendations on criteria to evaluate the relevance of pesticide interaction data for ecological risk assessments
Review and recommendations on criteria to evaluate the relevance of pesticide interaction data for ecological risk assessments Open
Mixing pesticides with different modes of action can provide a wider spectrum of control with fewer applications compared to using single active ingredients and is essential for comprehensive management of pest resistance. Mixture studies …
View article: A critical review of the environmental occurrence and potential effects in aquatic vertebrates of the potent androgen receptor agonist 17β-trenbolone
A critical review of the environmental occurrence and potential effects in aquatic vertebrates of the potent androgen receptor agonist 17β-trenbolone Open
Trenbolone acetate is widely used in some parts of the world for its desirable anabolic effects on livestock. Several metabolites of the acetate, including 17β-trenbolone, have been detected at low nanograms per liter concentrations in sur…
View article: Recommended approaches to the scientific evaluation of ecotoxicological hazards and risks of endocrine-active substances
Recommended approaches to the scientific evaluation of ecotoxicological hazards and risks of endocrine-active substances Open
A SETAC Pellston Workshop® “Environmental Hazard and Risk Assessment Approaches for Endocrine-Active Substances (EHRA)” was held in February 2016 in Pensacola, Florida, USA. The primary objective of the workshop was to provide advice, base…
View article: Characterization of the Activity Spectrum of MON 88702 and the Plant-Incorporated Protectant Cry51Aa2.834_16
Characterization of the Activity Spectrum of MON 88702 and the Plant-Incorporated Protectant Cry51Aa2.834_16 Open
The spectrum of insecticidal activity of Cry51Aa2.834_16 protein targeting hemipteran and thysanopteran insect pests in cotton was characterized by selecting and screening multiple pest and non-pest species, based on representation of ecol…
View article: Endocrine disruption: where are we with hazard and risk assessment?
Endocrine disruption: where are we with hazard and risk assessment? Open
Approaches to assessing endocrine disruptors (EDs) differ across the globe, with some regulatory environments using a hazard-based approach, while others employ risk-based analyses. In session four of the Society of Environmental Toxicolog…
View article: Endocrine disruption: where are we with hazard and risk assessment?
Endocrine disruption: where are we with hazard and risk assessment? Open
Approaches to assessing endocrine disruptors (EDs) differ across the globe, with some regulatory environments using a hazard-based approach, while others employ risk-based analyses. In session four of the Society of Environmental Toxicolog…
View article: Current limitations and recommendations to improve testing for the environmental assessment of endocrine active substances
Current limitations and recommendations to improve testing for the environmental assessment of endocrine active substances Open
In the present study, existing regulatory frameworks and test systems for assessing potential endocrine active chemicals are described, and associated challenges are discussed, along with proposed approaches to address these challenges. Re…
View article: Ecological risk assessment for DvSnf7 RNA: A plant-incorporated protectant with targeted activity against western corn rootworm
Ecological risk assessment for DvSnf7 RNA: A plant-incorporated protectant with targeted activity against western corn rootworm Open
MON 87411 maize, which expresses DvSnf7 RNA, was developed to provide an additional mode of action to confer protection against corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.). A critical step in the registration of a genetically engineered crop with an i…
View article: Assessing the potential for interaction between the insecticidal activity of two genetically engineered cotton events combined by conventional breeding: An example with COT102 × MON 15985
Assessing the potential for interaction between the insecticidal activity of two genetically engineered cotton events combined by conventional breeding: An example with COT102 × MON 15985 Open
Bollgard(®) III was developed by combining cotton events COT102 and MON 15985 through conventional breeding to improve efficacy against lepidopteran feeding damage. COT102 produces the Vip3Aa19 protein and MON 15985 produces the Cry1Ac and…
View article: A bee brood study with relevant test concentrations using glyphosate as an example
A bee brood study with relevant test concentrations using glyphosate as an example Open
View article: A novel method of demonstrating the molecular and functional equivalence between in vitro and plant-produced double-stranded RNA
A novel method of demonstrating the molecular and functional equivalence between in vitro and plant-produced double-stranded RNA Open
A biotechnology-derived corn variety, MON 87411, containing a suppression cassette that expresses an inverted repeat sequence that matches the sequence of western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) has been developed. The …
View article: No impact of DvSnf7 RNA on honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) adults and larvae in dietary feeding tests
No impact of DvSnf7 RNA on honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) adults and larvae in dietary feeding tests Open
The honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is the most important managed pollinator species worldwide and plays a critical role in the pollination of a diverse range of economically important crops. This species is important to agriculture and hist…
View article: The food and environmental safety of Bt crops
The food and environmental safety of Bt crops Open
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) microbial pesticides have a 50-year history of safety in agriculture. Cry proteins are among the active insecticidal ingredients in these pesticides, and genes coding for Cry proteins have been introduced into a…
View article: Independent Action between DvSnf7 RNA and Cry3Bb1 Protein in Southern Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi and Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Independent Action between DvSnf7 RNA and Cry3Bb1 Protein in Southern Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi and Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Open
In recent years, corn rootworm (CRW)-resistant maize events producing two or more CRW-active Bt proteins have been commercialized to enhance efficacy against the target pest(s) by providing multiple modes of action (MoA). The maize hybrid …
View article: Aminomethylphosphonic acid has low chronic toxicity to <i>Daphnia magna</i> and <i>Pimephales promelas</i>
Aminomethylphosphonic acid has low chronic toxicity to <i>Daphnia magna</i> and <i>Pimephales promelas</i> Open
Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is the simplest member of a class of compounds known as aminomethylenephosphonates and the only environmental metabolite measured in significant amounts during the degradation of the herbicide glyphosate i…