Stuart Wenham
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View article: 24.58% efficient commercial n‐type silicon solar cells with hydrogenation
24.58% efficient commercial n‐type silicon solar cells with hydrogenation Open
Tunnelling oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells are gaining significant commercial interest, due to the potential for high efficiency. Industrially, this passivated contact scheme is typically coupled with an n‐type Czochralski (C…
View article: 23.83% efficient mono‐PERC incorporating advanced hydrogenation
23.83% efficient mono‐PERC incorporating advanced hydrogenation Open
LONGi Solar Energy Technology Co. Ltd. has achieved 23.83% for a commercial p‐type Cz PERC cell. From a batch of over 40 000 cells, the average line efficiency achieved was 22.5%. R&D studies investigating hydrogenation and degradation sho…
View article: Development of advanced hydrogenation processes for silicon solar cells via an improved understanding of the behaviour of hydrogen in silicon
Development of advanced hydrogenation processes for silicon solar cells via an improved understanding of the behaviour of hydrogen in silicon Open
The understanding and development of advanced hydrogenation processes for silicon solar cells are presented. Hydrogen passivation is incorporated into virtually all silicon solar cells, yet the properties of hydrogen in silicon are still p…
View article: Defect engineering of p‐type silicon heterojunction solar cells fabricated using commercial‐grade low‐lifetime silicon wafers
Defect engineering of p‐type silicon heterojunction solar cells fabricated using commercial‐grade low‐lifetime silicon wafers Open
In this work, we integrate defect engineering methods of gettering and hydrogenation into silicon heterojunction solar cells fabricated using low‐lifetime commercial‐grade p‐type Czochralski‐grown monocrystalline and high‐performance multi…
View article: Modeling Boron–Oxygen Degradation and Self-Repairing Silicon PV Modules in the Field
Modeling Boron–Oxygen Degradation and Self-Repairing Silicon PV Modules in the Field Open
Photovoltaic (PV) cells manufactured using p-type Czochralski wafers can degrade significantly in the field due to boron-oxygen (BO) defects. Commercial hydrogenation processes can now passivate such defects; however, this passivation can …
View article: Overcoming the Challenges of Hydrogenation in Silicon Solar Cells*
Overcoming the Challenges of Hydrogenation in Silicon Solar Cells* Open
The challenges of passivating defects in silicon solar cells using hydrogen atoms are discussed. Atomic hydrogen is naturally incorporated into conventional silicon solar cells through the deposition of hydrogen-containing dielectric layer…
View article: High‐voltage p‐type PERC solar cells with anchored plating and hydrogenation
High‐voltage p‐type PERC solar cells with anchored plating and hydrogenation Open
A common concern regarding plated contacts to solar cells is the adhesion strength. In this work, laser‐formed anchor points have been applied to Suntech Power's PLUTO passivated emitter and rear cells. Voltages as high as 696 mV have been…
View article: Pre‐Fabrication Gettering and Hydrogenation Treatments for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Possible Path to >700 mV Open‐Circuit Voltages Using Low‐Lifetime Commercial‐Grade p‐Type Czochralski Silicon
Pre‐Fabrication Gettering and Hydrogenation Treatments for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Possible Path to >700 mV Open‐Circuit Voltages Using Low‐Lifetime Commercial‐Grade p‐Type Czochralski Silicon Open
Pre‐fabrication gettering and bulk hydrogenation processes are applied to low‐bulk‐lifetime (25 μs) p‐type Czochralski silicon wafers before silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cell fabrication, resulting in effective minority carrier lifet…
View article: LEDs for the Implementation of Advanced Hydrogenation Using Hydrogen Charge-State Control
LEDs for the Implementation of Advanced Hydrogenation Using Hydrogen Charge-State Control Open
Light-induced degradation (LID) of p-type Cz solar cells has plagued the industry for many decades. However, in recent years, new techniques for solving this LID have been developed, with hydrogen passivation of the boron-oxygen defects ap…
View article: Influence of bound hydrogen states on carrier-induced degradation in multi-crystalline silicon
Influence of bound hydrogen states on carrier-induced degradation in multi-crystalline silicon Open
In this work, we present new insight into the light and elevated temperature induced degradation (LeTID) by performing isochronal annealing prior to degradation and further investigation on the correlation between LeTID and boron-hydrogen …
View article: Investigation of temperature and illumination dependencies of carrier-induced degradation in p-type multi-crystalline silicon
Investigation of temperature and illumination dependencies of carrier-induced degradation in p-type multi-crystalline silicon Open
Carrier-induced degradation (CID) in multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) solar cells, often also referred to as Light- and elevated Temperature-Induced Degradation (LeTID), significantly affects the performance of mc-Si PERC cells when they …
View article: Role of hydrogen: Formation and passivation of meta-stable defects due to hydrogen in silicon
Role of hydrogen: Formation and passivation of meta-stable defects due to hydrogen in silicon Open
Hydrogen is well known for its ability to effectively passivate defects in silicon. However, it has been recently proposed that it can also be detrimental, with susepected involvement in light and elevated temperature induced degradation (…
View article: Eliminating Light-Induced Degradation in Commercial p-Type Czochralski Silicon Solar Cells
Eliminating Light-Induced Degradation in Commercial p-Type Czochralski Silicon Solar Cells Open
This paper discusses developments in the mitigation of light-induced degradation caused by boron-oxygen defects in boron-doped Czochralski grown silicon. Particular attention is paid to the fabrication of industrial silicon solar cells wit…
View article: Impact of annealing on the formation and mitigation of carrier-induced defects in multi-crystalline silicon
Impact of annealing on the formation and mitigation of carrier-induced defects in multi-crystalline silicon Open
Carrier-induced degradation (CID) of multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafers is a major problem currently affecting the photovoltaic industry. A large number of studies investigating this phenomenon have provided important clues regarding…
View article: An Advanced Qualitative Model Regarding the Role of Oxygen During POCl<sub>3</sub> Diffusion in Silicon
An Advanced Qualitative Model Regarding the Role of Oxygen During POCl<sub>3</sub> Diffusion in Silicon Open
© 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. POCl 3 diffusion has seen decades of research interest and industrial applications. However, further understanding is required for the correlation between the increasing oxygen flow and de…
View article: The role of hydrogenation and gettering in enhancing the efficiency of next‐generation Si solar cells: An industrial perspective
The role of hydrogenation and gettering in enhancing the efficiency of next‐generation Si solar cells: An industrial perspective Open
We discuss the importance of gettering and hydrogenation for next‐generation silicon solar cells in the context of industrial cell fabrication. Gettering and hydrogenation play a vital role for p‐type cell technologies in improving the sil…
View article: An advanced software suite for the processing and analysis of silicon luminescence images
An advanced software suite for the processing and analysis of silicon luminescence images Open
Luminescence imaging is a versatile characterisation technique used for a broad range of research and industrial applications, particularly for the field of photovoltaics where photoluminescence and electroluminescence imaging is routinely…
View article: Modulation of Carrier‐Induced Defect Kinetics in Multi‐Crystalline Silicon PERC Cells Through Dark Annealing
Modulation of Carrier‐Induced Defect Kinetics in Multi‐Crystalline Silicon PERC Cells Through Dark Annealing Open
In this letter, we report on significant changes caused after dark annealing to the kinetics of the carrier‐induced defect, present in p‐type multi‐crystalline silicon PERC cells. The characteristic shapes of the degradation and regenerati…
View article: Investigating the Influence of Interstitial Iron on the Study of Boron-Oxygen Defects
Investigating the Influence of Interstitial Iron on the Study of Boron-Oxygen Defects Open
In this paper, we explore the influence of interstitial iron on studying boron-oxygen related degradation in p-type Czochralski silicon. We show that the presence of interstitial iron can potentially explain several key experimental result…
View article: Elimination of LID with innovative new hydrogenation technology facilitates increased PERC cell efficiencies through the use of lower resistivity p-type Cz wafers
Elimination of LID with innovative new hydrogenation technology facilitates increased PERC cell efficiencies through the use of lower resistivity p-type Cz wafers Open
Silicon photovoltaics has always dominated commercial manufacturing, with p-type Cz and multi being the wafers of choice. However the light-induced degradation (LID) due to B-O defects has been a major problem for industrial p-type Cz wafe…
View article: Boron-Oxygen Defect Formation Rates and Activity at Elevated Temperatures
Boron-Oxygen Defect Formation Rates and Activity at Elevated Temperatures Open
In this work the dependence of the slow boron-oxygen defect formation rate on excess carrier density is examined in p-type Cz silicon. In order to examine behavior at elevated temperatures simple models are developed to simulate the inject…
View article: Low Temperature Thermal Treatments for n-type Emitters on Si Solar Cells
Low Temperature Thermal Treatments for n-type Emitters on Si Solar Cells Open
Here we report on the impact of annealing and oxidation processes for silicon solar cells performed at low temperatures, in terms of how recombination properties at the surface and within the emitter are modified. Results from this experim…
View article: Copper plated contacts for large-scale manufacturing
Copper plated contacts for large-scale manufacturing Open
Copper plated contacts have the potential to become the dominant front metallization technology over silver contacts if several key issues can be solved. These are addressed in this work. Through large batches of cells produced at Suntech …
View article: Application of High Efficiency Emitters to Multi-Crystalline Silicon
Application of High Efficiency Emitters to Multi-Crystalline Silicon Open
The impact of the emitter diffusion and firing process on gettering and hydrogenation of multicrystalline silicon is investigated with the aid of photoluminescence imaging and further image processing. Whilst the use of high efficiency emi…
View article: Modelling the Long-Term Behaviour of Boron-Oxygen Defect Passivation in the Field Using Typical Meteorological Year Data (TMY2)
Modelling the Long-Term Behaviour of Boron-Oxygen Defect Passivation in the Field Using Typical Meteorological Year Data (TMY2) Open
The theoretical long-term stability of modules with prior boron-oxygen defect passivation and the in-situ passivation of boron-oxygen defects in the field are investigated using typical meteorological year (TMY2) data for locations of Hamb…
View article: Laser Hydrogenation of Laser Doped and Grooved Structure
Laser Hydrogenation of Laser Doped and Grooved Structure Open
Both Buried Contact Solar Cells (BCSC) and Laser Doped Selective Emitter (LDSE) solar cells have shown great success in large-scale manufacturing. Recent studies show that plated contacts can be more durable than screen-printed contacts. A…