Explanipedia

Functional diversity in GII.4 norovirus entry: HBGA binding and capsid clustering dynamics Open

B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Carmen V. Apostol, Janam J. Dave, Soni Kaundal, Joseph A. Kendra , et al. · 2025

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs), especially GII.4 strains, are the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide, yet no approved vaccines or antivirals exist. The pandemic GII.4 Sydney 2012 strain enters cells via membrane wounding an…

Mutational Analysis of Human Norovirus VP2 Elucidates Critical Molecular Interactions for Virus Assembly Open

Janam J. Dave, Sue E. Crawford, Robert L. Atmar, Khalil Ettayebi, B. V. Venkataram Prasad , et al. · 2025

Human noroviruses ( HuNoV s) are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis with ≥80% of infections caused by the GII genogroup. HuNoVs are non-enveloped, with an icosahedral capsid composed of 90 dimers of the major capsid protein VP1, wh…

Macrophage phagocytosis of human norovirus-infected cells in an <i>ex vivo</i> human enteroid-macrophage coculture model Open

Ngan Fung Li, Sue E. Crawford, Sydney R. Mittiga, Cristian Coarfa, Hoa Nguyen‐Phuc , et al. · 2025

Human norovirus (HuNoV) causes acute gastroenteritis in immunocompetent hosts and chronic infection in immunocompromised individuals. Many recent studies of replication and innate immune responses following HuNoV infection have utilized ep…

Overcoming host restrictions to enable continuous passaging of human noroviruses in human intestinal enteroids Open

Gurpreet Kaur, Sue E. Crawford, Sasirekha Ramani, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Aaya Boussattach , et al. · 2025

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs), the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis, can now be cultivated in human intestinal enteroids (HIEs). However, indefinite passaging of HuNoVs in HIEs remained a challenge, necessitating the use of patient stoo…

Functional Diversity in GII.4 Norovirus Entry: HBGA Binding and Capsid Clustering Dynamics Open

B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Carmen V. Apostol, Janam J. Dave, Soni Kaundal, Frederick H. Neill , et al. · 2025

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs), especially GII.4 strains, are the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide, yet no approved vaccines or antivirals exist. The pandemic GII.4 Sydney 2012 strain enters cells via membrane wounding an…

22P Characterizing the cancer spectrum of germline SMARCA4 variants to estimate penetrance Open

Michaël Chandler, X. Zhang, Sue E. Crawford, Linda Brubaker, Rebecca Sisson , et al. · 2025

Norovirus replication, host interactions and vaccine advances Open

B. V. Venkataram Prasad, Robert L. Atmar, Sasirekha Ramani, Timothy Palzkill, Yongcheng Song , et al. · 2025

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of predominant human norovirus forms liquid-liquid phase condensates as viral replication factories Open

Soni Kaundal, Ramakrishnan Anish, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Sreejesh Shanker, Gundeep Kaur , et al. · 2024

Many viral proteins form biomolecular condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to support viral replication and evade host antiviral responses, and thus, they are potential targets for designing antivirals. In the case of none…

Insights into human norovirus cultivation in human intestinal enteroids Open

Khalil Ettayebi, Gurpreet Kaur, Ketki Patil, Janam J. Dave, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar , et al. · 2024

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a significant cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The lack of a reproducible culture system hindered the study of HuNoV replication and pathogenesis for almost a half-century. This…

Infant and adult human intestinal enteroids are morphologically and functionally distinct Open

Grace Adeniyi-Ipadeola, Julia D. Hankins, Amal Kambal, Xi‐Lei Zeng, Ketki Patil , et al. · 2024

Human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) are gaining recognition as physiologically relevant models of the intestinal epithelium. While HIEs from adults are used extensively in biomedical research, few studies have used HIEs from infants. Conside…

Bile acid-sensitive human norovirus strains are susceptible to sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 inhibition Open

Victoria R. Tenge, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Khalil Ettayebi, Sue E. Crawford, Nicole M. Hayes , et al. · 2024

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a diverse group of RNA viruses that cause endemic and pandemic acute viral gastroenteritis. Previously, we reported that many HuNoV strains require bile or bile acid (BA) to infect human jejunal intestinal en…

Insights into Human Norovirus Cultivation in Human Intestinal Enteroids Open

Khalil Ettayebi, Gurpreet Kaur, Ketki Patil, Janam J. Dave, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar , et al. · 2024

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a significant cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The lack of a reproducible culture system hindered the study of HuNoV replication and pathogenesis for almost a half-century. This…

Bile acid-sensitive human norovirus strains are susceptible to sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 inhibition Open

Victoria R. Tenge, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Khalil Ettayebi, Sue E. Crawford, Yi‐Ting Shen , et al. · 2024

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a diverse group of RNA viruses that cause both endemic and pandemic acute viral gastroenteritis. Previously we reported that many strains of HuNoV require bile or bile acid (BA) to infect human jejunal intest…

A Guide to Just Transitions for Communities in Aotearoa New Zealand Open

W. T. Baisden, Catherine Leining, Will Allen, Jonathan S. Burgess, Sue E. Crawford , et al. · 2024

Rotavirus-mediated DGAT1 degradation: A pathophysiological mechanism of viral-induced malabsorptive diarrhea Open

Zheng Liu, Hunter Smith, Jeanette M. Criglar, Antonio J. Valentin, Umesh C. Karandikar , et al. · 2023

Gastroenteritis is among the leading causes of mortality globally in infants and young children, with rotavirus (RV) causing ~258 million episodes of diarrhea and ~128,000 deaths annually in infants and children. RV-induced mechanisms that…

Distribution of P2Y and P2X purinergic receptor expression within the intestine Open

Kristen A. Engevik, Francesca J. Scribano, J. Thomas Gebert, Jacob L. Perry, Sue E. Crawford , et al. · 2023

Several studies have revealed crucial roles for P2 receptors during inflammatory and infectious diseases, however, these have largely been demonstrated in immune cells and the enteric nervous system. Although epithelial cells serve as the …

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of predominant human norovirus forms liquid-liquid phase condensates as viral replication factories Open

Soni Kaundal, Ramakrishnan Anish, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Sreejesh Shanker, Gundeep Kaur , et al. · 2023

Many viral proteins form biomolecular condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to support viral replication and evade host antiviral responses, and thus, they are potential targets for designing antivirals. In the case of non-…

Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapy with miR-198 Sensitizes Pancreatic Cancer to Gemcitabine Treatment through Downregulation of VCP-Mediated Autophagy Open

Christian Marín‐Müller, Dali Li, Jianming Lü, Zhengdong Liang, Osvaldo Vega-Martínez , et al. · 2023

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains an extremely aggressive disease characterized by rapidly acquired multi-drug resistance, including to first-line chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine. Autophagy is a process that is often explo…

Infant and Adult Human Intestinal Enteroids are Morphologically and Functionally Distinct Open

Grace Adeniyi-Ipadeola, Julia D. Hankins, Amal Kambal, Xi‐Lei Zeng, Ketki Patil , et al. · 2023

Background & Aims Human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) are gaining recognition as physiologically relevant models of the intestinal epithelium. While HIEs from adults are used extensively in biomedical research, few studies have used HIEs fro…

CLIC and membrane wound repair pathways enable pandemic norovirus entry and infection Open

B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Khalil Ettayebi, Wilhelm Salmen, Umesh C. Karandikar, Frederick H. Neill , et al. · 2023

Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase forms amyloids like fibrils via liquid–liquid phase separation Open

Soni Kaundal, Anish Thachangattuthodi, Liya Hu, Sue E. Crawford, Jeroen Pollet , et al. · 2022

Novel fold of rotavirus glycan-binding domain predicted by AlphaFold2 and determined by X-ray crystallography Open

Liya Hu, Wilhelm Salmen, Banumathi Sankaran, Yi Lasanajak, David F. Smith , et al. · 2022

Rotavirus-Induced Lipid Droplet Biogenesis Is Critical for Virus Replication Open

Jeanette M. Criglar, Mary K. Estes, Sue E. Crawford · 2022

A variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites, target cellular lipid droplets for their replication. Rotaviruses (RVs) infect the villous epithelium of the small intestine and are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis …

Variants in Interferon Lambda are Associated with Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease Open

Jodie Ouahed, Achille Broggi, Abigail Glick, Robin T. Haring, Michael Field , et al. · 2022

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine that affect children and adults. The etiology is multifactorial with the contribution of genetic, immune, microbial, and environmental risk factors with …

Depletion of the apical endosome in response to viruses and bacterial toxins provides cell-autonomous host defense at mucosal surfaces Open

Keiko Maeda, Nicholas C. Zachos, Megan H. Orzalli, Stefanie S. Schmieder, Denis Chang , et al. · 2022

Drivers of transcriptional variance in human intestinal epithelial organoids Open

Zachary K. Criss, Nobel Bhasin, Sara C. Di Rienzi, Anubama Rajan, Kali Deans-Fielder , et al. · 2021

Human intestinal epithelial organoids (enteroids and colonoids) are tissue cultures used for understanding the physiology of the human intestinal epithelium. Here, we explored the effect on the transcriptome of common variations in culture…

Use of human tissue stem cell-derived organoid cultures to model enterohepatic circulation Open

Sarah E. Blutt, Sue E. Crawford, Carolyn Bomidi, Xi‐Lei Zeng, James R. Broughman , et al. · 2021

Interorgan signaling is a critical feature of human biology and physiology, yet has remained difficult to study due to the lack of in vitro models. Here, we demonstrate that physical coupling of ex vivo human intestine and liver epithelial…

Drivers of Transcriptional Variance in Human Intestinal Epithelial Organoids Open

Zachary K. Criss, Nobel Bhasin, Sara C. Di Rienzi, Anubama Rajan, Kali Deans-Fielder , et al. · 2021

Background & Aims Human intestinal epithelial organoids (enteroids and colonoids) are tissue cultures used for understanding the physiology of the intestinal epithelium. Here, we explored the effect on the transcriptome of common variation…

Organoids to Dissect Gastrointestinal Virus–Host Interactions: What Have We Learned? Open

Sue E. Crawford, Sasirekha Ramani, Sarah E. Blutt, Mary K. Estes · 2021

Historically, knowledge of human host–enteric pathogen interactions has been elucidated from studies using cancer cells, animal models, clinical data, and occasionally, controlled human infection models. Although much has been learned from…

Bile Goes Viral Open

Victoria R. Tenge, Kosuke Murakami, Wilhelm Salmen, Shih‐Ching Lin, Sue E. Crawford , et al. · 2021

Laboratory cultivation of viruses is critical for determining requirements for viral replication, developing detection methods, identifying drug targets, and developing antivirals. Several viruses have a history of recalcitrance towards ro…

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