Swapan K. Ray
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View article: Mental Health Disorders Due to Gut Microbiome Alteration and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation After Spinal Cord Injury: Molecular Mechanisms, Promising Treatments, and Aids from Artificial Intelligence
Mental Health Disorders Due to Gut Microbiome Alteration and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation After Spinal Cord Injury: Molecular Mechanisms, Promising Treatments, and Aids from Artificial Intelligence Open
Aside from its immediate traumatic effects, spinal cord injury (SCI) presents multiple secondary complications that can be harmful to those who have been affected by SCI. Among these secondary effects, gut dysbiosis (GD) and the activation…
View article: Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, Quercetin, and Kaempferol for Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Through Prevention of Gut Dysbiosis and Attenuation of Multiple Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, Quercetin, and Kaempferol for Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Through Prevention of Gut Dysbiosis and Attenuation of Multiple Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis Open
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition in which degeneration mostly occurs in the dopamine (DA)-producing neurons within the substantia nigra in the midbrain. As a result, individuals with this condition suffer from prog…
View article: Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Genistein for Decreasing Gut Dysbiosis, Inhibiting Inflammasomes, and Aiding Autophagy in Alzheimer’s Disease
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Genistein for Decreasing Gut Dysbiosis, Inhibiting Inflammasomes, and Aiding Autophagy in Alzheimer’s Disease Open
There are approximately 24 million cases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) worldwide, and the number of cases is expected to increase four-fold by 2050. AD is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to severe dementia in most patients. There are …
View article: Advanced Bioinformatics Analysis and Genetic Technologies for Targeting Autophagy in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Advanced Bioinformatics Analysis and Genetic Technologies for Targeting Autophagy in Glioblastoma Multiforme Open
As the most malignant primary brain tumor in adults, a diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) continues to carry a poor prognosis. GBM is characterized by cytoprotective homeostatic processes such as the activation of autophagy, capabi…
View article: Intersections of Ubiquitin-Proteosome System and Autophagy in Promoting Growth of Glioblastoma Multiforme: Challenges and Opportunities
Intersections of Ubiquitin-Proteosome System and Autophagy in Promoting Growth of Glioblastoma Multiforme: Challenges and Opportunities Open
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor notorious for its propensity to recur after the standard treatments of surgical resection, ionizing radiation (IR), and temozolomide (TMZ). Combined with the acquired resistance to standard tr…
View article: Premarin Reduces Neurodegeneration and Promotes Improvement of Function in an Animal Model of Spinal Cord Injury
Premarin Reduces Neurodegeneration and Promotes Improvement of Function in an Animal Model of Spinal Cord Injury Open
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes significant mortality and morbidity. Currently, no FDA-approved pharmacotherapy is available for treating SCI. Previously, low doses of estrogen (17β-estradiol, E2) were shown to improve the post-injury outc…
View article: Specific microRNAs for Modulation of Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injury
Specific microRNAs for Modulation of Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injury Open
The treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) is currently a major challenge, with a severe lack of effective therapies for yielding meaningful improvements in function. Therefore, there is a great opportunity for the development of novel trea…
View article: Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology to Genome Editing in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology to Genome Editing in Glioblastoma Multiforme Open
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive malignancy of the brain and spinal cord with a poor life expectancy. The low survivability of GBM patients can be attributed, in part, to its heterogeneity and the presence of multiple genetic…
View article: Bone morphogenic protein signaling in spinal cord injury
Bone morphogenic protein signaling in spinal cord injury Open
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating injury that results from traumatic or non-traumatic insults to the spinal cord, causing significant impairment of the patient's activity and quality of life. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are a…
View article: Modulation of autophagy for neuroprotection and functional recovery in traumatic spinal cord injury
Modulation of autophagy for neuroprotection and functional recovery in traumatic spinal cord injury Open
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious central nervous system trauma that leads to loss of motor and sensory functions in the SCI patients. One of the cell death mechanisms is autophagy, which is 'self-eating' of the damaged and misfolded p…
View article: Roles of miRNAs in spinal cord injury and potential therapeutic interventions
Roles of miRNAs in spinal cord injury and potential therapeutic interventions Open
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects approximately 200,000 individuals per year worldwide. There are more than 27 million people worldwide living with long-term disability due to SCI. Historically, it was thought that the central nervous syste…
View article: Ceramide and Sphingosine Regulation of Myelinogenesis: Targeting Serine Palmitoyltransferase Using microRNA in Multiple Sclerosis
Ceramide and Sphingosine Regulation of Myelinogenesis: Targeting Serine Palmitoyltransferase Using microRNA in Multiple Sclerosis Open
Ceramide and sphingosine display a unique profile during brain development, indicating their critical role in myelinogenesis. Employing advanced technology such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatograph…
View article: Economic impact of traumatic spinal cord injuries in the United States
Economic impact of traumatic spinal cord injuries in the United States Open
Individuals having sustained traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in the United States are living longer as compared to historical trends, thanks to an ever-evolving understanding of the nature of this injury. Despite this, multiple barrier…
View article: Histone deacetylase enzymes and selective histone deacetylase inhibitors for antitumor effects and enhancement of antitumor immunity in glioblastoma
Histone deacetylase enzymes and selective histone deacetylase inhibitors for antitumor effects and enhancement of antitumor immunity in glioblastoma Open
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which is the most common primary central nervous system malignancy in adults, has long presented a formidable challenge to researchers and clinicians alike. Dismal 5-year survival rates of the patients with t…
View article: Insights into abnormal sphingolipid metabolism in multiple sclerosis: targeting ceramide biosynthesis as a unique therapeutic strategy
Insights into abnormal sphingolipid metabolism in multiple sclerosis: targeting ceramide biosynthesis as a unique therapeutic strategy Open
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a fatal demyelinating disease that primarily affects axons leading to massive neurodegeneration. Many studies have reported the causes and drawn the conclusions that multiple factors such as recurrent viral infec…
View article: Diverse Biological Functions of Sphingolipids in the CNS: Ceramide and Sphingosine Regulate Myelination in Developing Brain but Stimulate Demyelination during Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis
Diverse Biological Functions of Sphingolipids in the CNS: Ceramide and Sphingosine Regulate Myelination in Developing Brain but Stimulate Demyelination during Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis Open
Sphingolipids are enriched in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and display multiple biological functions. They participate in tissue development, cell recognition and adhesion, and act as receptors for toxins. During myelination, a variety…
View article: Neuroprotective effects of estrogen in CNS injuries: insights from animal models
Neuroprotective effects of estrogen in CNS injuries: insights from animal models Open
Among the estrogens that are biosynthesized in the human body, 17β-estradiol (estradiol or E2) is the most common and the best estrogen for neuroprotection in animal models of the central nervous system (CNS) injuries such as spinal cord i…
View article: Calpain inhibition as a possible new therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis
Calpain inhibition as a possible new therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis Open
Multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration. In particular, neurodegeneration is a major factor in disease pr…
View article: Neuron‐microglia interaction induced bi‐directional cytotoxicity associated with calpain activation
Neuron‐microglia interaction induced bi‐directional cytotoxicity associated with calpain activation Open
Activated microglia release pro‐inflammatory factors and calpain into the extracellular milieu, damaging surrounding neurons. However, mechanistic links to progressive neurodegeneration in disease such as multiple sclerosis ( MS ) remain o…
View article: Calpain inhibition reduces structural and functional impairment of retinal ganglion cells in experimental optic neuritis
Calpain inhibition reduces structural and functional impairment of retinal ganglion cells in experimental optic neuritis Open
Optic neuritis ( ON ), inflammation of the optic nerve, is strongly associated with multiple sclerosis. ON pathology is characterized by attack of autoreactive T cells against optic nerve antigens, resulting in demyelination, death of reti…
View article: miR-30e Blocks Autophagy and Acts Synergistically with Proanthocyanidin for Inhibition of AVEN and BIRC6 to Increase Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Stem Cells and Glioblastoma SNB19 Cells
miR-30e Blocks Autophagy and Acts Synergistically with Proanthocyanidin for Inhibition of AVEN and BIRC6 to Increase Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Stem Cells and Glioblastoma SNB19 Cells Open
Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant brain tumor in humans. It is a heterogeneous tumor harboring glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) and other glioblastoma cells that survive and sustain tumor growth in a hypoxic environment via induct…
View article: Administration of low dose estrogen attenuates persistent inflammation, promotes angiogenesis, and improves locomotor function following chronic spinal cord injury in rats
Administration of low dose estrogen attenuates persistent inflammation, promotes angiogenesis, and improves locomotor function following chronic spinal cord injury in rats Open
Spinal cord injury ( SCI ) causes loss of neurological function and, depending upon the severity of injury, may lead to paralysis. Currently, no FDA ‐approved pharmacotherapy is available for SCI . High‐dose methylprednisolone is widely us…
View article: Molecular Signaling Mechanisms of Natural and Synthetic Retinoids for Inhibition of Pathogenesis in Alzheimer’s Disease
Molecular Signaling Mechanisms of Natural and Synthetic Retinoids for Inhibition of Pathogenesis in Alzheimer’s Disease Open
Retinoids, which are vitamin A derivatives, interact through retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and have profound effects on several physiological and pathological processes in the brain. The presence of retinoi…
View article: The Transcription Regulator Kruppel-Like Factor 4 and Its Dual Roles of Oncogene in Glioblastoma and Tumor Suppressor in Neuroblastoma
The Transcription Regulator Kruppel-Like Factor 4 and Its Dual Roles of Oncogene in Glioblastoma and Tumor Suppressor in Neuroblastoma Open
The Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) gene is located on chromosome 9q31. All of the currently known 17 KLF transcription regulators that have similarity with members of the specificity protein family are distinctly characterized by the Cys2/Hi…
View article: Sequestering survivin to functionalized nanoparticles: a strategy to enhance apoptosis in cancer cells
Sequestering survivin to functionalized nanoparticles: a strategy to enhance apoptosis in cancer cells Open
Survivin belongs to the family of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) and is present in most cancers while being below detection limits in most terminally differentiated adult tissues, making it an attractive protein to target for diagno…