In recent decades, the utilization of biomarkers has gained increasing attention. The timely identification and quantification of proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules associated with a medical condition, infection, or contaminant have become increasingly crucial across a variety of fields, including medicine, food safety, and quality/environmental control. State-of-the-art biomarker detection methods predominantly rely on standard immunoassay techniques, requiring specialized laboratory equipment and train…

State-of-the-art clinical detection methods typically involve standard immunoassay methods, requiring specialized equipment and trained personnel. This impedes their use in the Point-of-Care (PoC) environment, where ease of operation, portability, and cost efficiency are prioritized. Small, robust electrochemical biosensors provide a means with which to analyze biomarkers in biological fluids in PoC environments. Optimized sensing surfaces, immobilization strategies, and efficient reporter systems are key to impro…