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View article: Energy Regulation and Energy Trade: International Evidence
Energy Regulation and Energy Trade: International Evidence Open
This study investigates the impact of energy regulation on energy trade by employing an extended gravity model with bilateral trade data from the CEPII BACI database and regulatory information from the World Bank’s Regulatory Indicators fo…
View article: Multiple Beam Triode Driven RF Sources for Accelerator ApplicationsPhase I Final Report
Multiple Beam Triode Driven RF Sources for Accelerator ApplicationsPhase I Final Report Open
Calabazas Creek Research, Inc, (CCR), in collaboration with Microwave Power Products, Inc. (MPP), formerly Communications & Power Industries, LLC (CPI,) and JP Accelerator Works, Inc. (JPAW), embarked on a program to develop multiple beam …
View article: Effects of Pr3+ -activated BaZrGe3O9@TiO2 phosphor compound on light emitting diodes validated by computer simulation
Effects of Pr3+ -activated BaZrGe3O9@TiO2 phosphor compound on light emitting diodes validated by computer simulation Open
The Pr3+ -doped BaZrGe39 gallogermanate phosphors are reported to have a well-defined successive deep defect structure that effectively mitigates thermal carrier fading. This phosphor also presents a red emission with a peak at 615 nm, ori…
View article: Blue-emitting fluorophosphate phosphor to enhance color rendition of near-ultraviolet LED white light
Blue-emitting fluorophosphate phosphor to enhance color rendition of near-ultraviolet LED white light Open
This work presents a novel blue phosphor, Na2MgPO4F: Eu2+ (NMPF: Eu) for violet 405-nm light-emitting diode (LED) devices. The compound is synthesized via a simple one-step sintering process using readily available precursors. Notably, NMP…
View article: The influences of LaVO4:Eu3+,Cr3+ red phosphors on white light-emitting diode applications
The influences of LaVO4:Eu3+,Cr3+ red phosphors on white light-emitting diode applications Open
In this present paper, the LaVO4:Eu3+,Cr3+ (LV:Eu,Cr) red-orange phosphorsare introduced in WLED fabrication. The LV:Eu,Cr phosphor is synthesized with high-temperature solid-phase reaction. The luminescence properties of the phosphor are …
View article: Comprehensive design and whole-cavity simulation of a multi-beam inductive output tube using a 3rd harmonic drive on the grid
Comprehensive design and whole-cavity simulation of a multi-beam inductive output tube using a 3rd harmonic drive on the grid Open
In this paper, we discuss the design and whole-cavity simulation of a Multi-Beam Inductive Output Tube (MBIOT) that uses a 3rd harmonic component to the drive voltage on the grid. High-efficiency inductive output tubes (IOTs) are typically…
View article: The Light Features and Bredigite Layout for Orthosilicate Phosphor in WLED Devices
The Light Features and Bredigite Layout for Orthosilicate Phosphor in WLED Devices Open
We created a green phosphor Ca14-xEuxMg2[SiO4]8 or CMS: Eu2+ to be utilized in WLED devices. The phosphor offers a wide spectrum achieving the highest value of 505 nm when excited at 400 nm, as a result of a shift between the excited state…
View article: BaAl<sub>1.4</sub>Si<sub>0.6</sub>O<sub>3.4</sub>N<sub>0.6</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> green phosphors’ application for improving luminous performance
BaAl<sub>1.4</sub>Si<sub>0.6</sub>O<sub>3.4</sub>N<sub>0.6</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> green phosphors’ application for improving luminous performance Open
The molten salt synthesis (MSS) method was used to effectively prepare green phosphors BaAl1.4Si0.6O3.4N0.6:Eu2+ (or BSON:Eu2+) via one homogeneous sphere-like morphology utilizing NaNO3 in the form of the reacting agent. The phosphors pro…
View article: Triple-layer remote phosphor geometry: an excellent selection to improve the optical properties of white light-emitted diodes
Triple-layer remote phosphor geometry: an excellent selection to improve the optical properties of white light-emitted diodes Open
High performance white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) have been the goal of recent research on phosphor-in-glass (PiG) devices. In this paper, we introduce a configuration of WLED that achieves high color rendering index (CRI), and correlat…
View article: Ca8MgY(PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+: A Promising Phosphor in Near-Ultraviolet WLED Devices
Ca8MgY(PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+: A Promising Phosphor in Near-Ultraviolet WLED Devices Open
Through employing the solid-state process under significant temperature, we produced a sequence of single-element radiation-adjustable phosphors Ca8MgR(PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+ or CaMg:EM (R = La, Y), and thoroughly analyzed the crystalline arrange…
View article: Electron gun for a multiple beam klystron with magnetic compression of the electron beams
Electron gun for a multiple beam klystron with magnetic compression of the electron beams Open
A multi-beam electron gun provides a plurality N of cathode assemblies comprising a cathode, anode, and focus electrode, each cathode assembly having a local cathode axis and also a central cathode point defined by the intersection of the …
View article: Utilization of BaAl1.4Si0.6O3.4N0.6:Eu2+ Green-emitting Phosphor to Improve Luminous Intensity and Color Adequacy of White Light-emitting Diodes
Utilization of BaAl1.4Si0.6O3.4N0.6:Eu2+ Green-emitting Phosphor to Improve Luminous Intensity and Color Adequacy of White Light-emitting Diodes Open
BaAl1.4Si0.6O3.4N0.6:Eu2+ exhibiting broad excitation and emission bands with intense green emission centred at 510 nm is applied to produce high-performance white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). The preparation of the green phosphor utiliz…
View article: 1.5 MW CW RF Loads for Gyrotrons
1.5 MW CW RF Loads for Gyrotrons Open
A new series of MW-class, RF loads were developed that can dissipate power levels exceeding 1.5 MW at frequencies from 28 GHz to 180 GHz. The new loads are designed to reflect less than 0.25% of the input power and operate continuously (CW…
View article: Phosphor conversion for WLEDs: YBO<sub>3</sub>: Ce<sup>3+</sup>, Tb<sup>3+</sup> and its effects on the luminous intensity and chromatic properties of dual-layer WLED model
Phosphor conversion for WLEDs: YBO<sub>3</sub>: Ce<sup>3+</sup>, Tb<sup>3+</sup> and its effects on the luminous intensity and chromatic properties of dual-layer WLED model Open
Yttrium borate phosphor co-doping Ce 3+ , Tb 3+ ions (YBO 3 : Ce 3+ , Tb 3+ ) is fabricated using solid state reaction, and then its luminescence is investigated through the computational energy transfer process. Under excited near-UV ligh…
View article: The effect green YF3:ER3+,YB3+ phosphor on luminous flux and color quality of multi-chip white light-emitting diodes
The effect green YF3:ER3+,YB3+ phosphor on luminous flux and color quality of multi-chip white light-emitting diodes Open
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the advantages of the green phosphor YF3:Er3+,Yb3+ combined with multi-chip package to the enhancement of lighting efficiency of modern WLEDs. In an effort to improve the quality of WLEDs and cre…
View article: Aiming to the superior of phosphor pattern: Influence of SiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles on photoluminescence intensification of YAG:Ce
Aiming to the superior of phosphor pattern: Influence of SiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles on photoluminescence intensification of YAG:Ce Open
Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG: RE) rare-earth-doped phosphors have great photoluminescence (PL) characteristics and are commonly used in light-emitting rectifying tubes. The RE elements used in these phosphors, however, are precious and in …
View article: Using CaCO3-doped package to improve correlated color temperature uniformity of white light-emitting diodes
Using CaCO3-doped package to improve correlated color temperature uniformity of white light-emitting diodes Open
The white light-emitting diode (WLED) has been the most advance lighting method currently, however, the fabrication process of this configuration still has drawbacks which negatively affect its color quality. This research was conducted to…
View article: Using SiO<sub>2</sub> nano-particles for better color uniformity and lumen output in 8500 K conformal and in-cup white LEDs
Using SiO<sub>2</sub> nano-particles for better color uniformity and lumen output in 8500 K conformal and in-cup white LEDs Open
In the effort of improving the performance of white light LEDs devices (WLEDs), the SiO2 nano-particles were applied and have shown a significant impact on the optical properties. Specifically, the light output of the lighting devices is e…
View article: High Efficiency, Low Cost RF Sources for Accelerators and Colliders
High Efficiency, Low Cost RF Sources for Accelerators and Colliders Open
Calabazas Creek Research, Inc. (CCR) and its collaborators are developing high efficiency, low cost RF sources. Phase and Amplitude Controlled Magnetrons: CCR, Fermilab, and Communications Power Industries, LLC (CPI) recently developed a 1…
View article: Dual-layer remote phosphor structure: a novel technique to enhance the color quality scale and luminous flux of WLEDs
Dual-layer remote phosphor structure: a novel technique to enhance the color quality scale and luminous flux of WLEDs Open
The effects of red light-emitting phosphor CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+,Mn2+ on the optical properties of single-layer remote phosphor structure (SRPS) and dual-layer remote phosphor structure (DRPS) are the focus of this study. The differences in color…
View article: Enhancing the CRI and lumen output for the 6600 K WLED with convex-dual-layer remote phosphor geometry by applying red-emitting MGSR3SI2O8:EU2+,MN2+ phosphor
Enhancing the CRI and lumen output for the 6600 K WLED with convex-dual-layer remote phosphor geometry by applying red-emitting MGSR3SI2O8:EU2+,MN2+ phosphor Open
The traditional white LED product established with a single chip and a single phosphor results in a low color rendering index (CRI). The upgrade of LED package is comprised of two chips and one phosphor material and gives the higher CRI wh…
View article: The impacts of Ba<sub>2</sub>Li<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>:Sn<sup>2+</sup>,Mn<sup>2+</sup> and CaMgSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup>,Mn<sup>2+</sup> particles on the optical properties of remote phosphor LED
The impacts of Ba<sub>2</sub>Li<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>:Sn<sup>2+</sup>,Mn<sup>2+</sup> and CaMgSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup>,Mn<sup>2+</sup> particles on the optical properties of remote phosphor LED Open
As implied in the title, the triple-layer remote phosphor (TRP), constructed with the yellow YAG:Ce 3+ layer at the bottom, the red CaMgSi 2 O 6 :Eu 2+ ,Mn 2+ phosphor layer on the top, and the green Ba 2 Li 2 Si 2 O 7 :Sn 2+ ,Mn 2+ phosph…
View article: The application of (Y,Gd)BO<sub>3</sub>:Tb<sup>3+</sup> and CaGa<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>:Mn<sup>2+</sup> phosphors to remote white light-emitting diodes
The application of (Y,Gd)BO<sub>3</sub>:Tb<sup>3+</sup> and CaGa<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>:Mn<sup>2+</sup> phosphors to remote white light-emitting diodes Open
The remote phosphor structure is superior to the conformal phosphor and the in-cup phosphor in terms of lighting efficiency; however, managing the color quality of the remote phosphor structure has been a nuisance to the manufacturers. To …
View article: Application of triple-layer remote phosphor configuration results in the color quality and luminous efficiency enhancement of WLEDs
Application of triple-layer remote phosphor configuration results in the color quality and luminous efficiency enhancement of WLEDs Open
This study proposed the triple-layer remote phosphor (TRP) structure to enhance the color quality and the emitted luminous flux of white LEDs (WLEDs). The TRP structure consists of three different phosphor layers that are arranged as follo…
View article: The usage of dual-layer remote phosphor configurations in enhancing color quality and luminous flux of WLEDs
The usage of dual-layer remote phosphor configurations in enhancing color quality and luminous flux of WLEDs Open
Among conformal phosphor structure, in-cup phosphor structure, and remote phosphor structure, while in term of attaining the highest luminous flux, remote phosphor structure is the most ideal one, it seems to be that this structure results…
View article: Benefits of triple-layer remote phosphor structure in improving color quality and luminous flux of white LED
Benefits of triple-layer remote phosphor structure in improving color quality and luminous flux of white LED Open
Remote phosphor structure has higher luminous efficiency comparing to that of both conformal phosphor and in-cup phosphor structures. However, it is hard to control the color quality of remote phosphor structure, and this issue has become …
View article: A 100-kW 1300-MHz Magnetron With Amplitude and Phase Control for Accelerators
A 100-kW 1300-MHz Magnetron With Amplitude and Phase Control for Accelerators Open
Calabazas Creek Research, Inc. (CCR), in collaboration with Fermilab and Communications and Power Industries, LLC (CPI), developed a 100-kW peak, 10-kW average, 1300-MHz, magnetron-based, RF system with amplitude and phase control for driv…
View article: Robust RF Photocathodes (Phase II Final Report)
Robust RF Photocathodes (Phase II Final Report) Open
This program addressed requirements for photocathodes with high quantum efficiency (QE) and long lifetimes. Currently, photocathodes with QEs above 1% exhibit lifetimes measured in a few hours. This is unacceptable for commercial devices u…
View article: A 100 kW 1.3 GHz Magnetron System with Amplitude and Phase Control
A 100 kW 1.3 GHz Magnetron System with Amplitude and Phase Control Open
Calabazas Creek Research, Inc., Fermilab, and Communications Power Industries, LLC, developed a 100 kW peak, 10 kW average, 1.3 GHz, magnetron-based, RF system for driving accelerators. Efficiency varied between 81% and 87%. Phase locking …