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View article: MHD, disruptions and control physics: Chapter 4 of the special issue: on the path to tokamak burning plasma operation
MHD, disruptions and control physics: Chapter 4 of the special issue: on the path to tokamak burning plasma operation Open
In this chapter, we review the progress in MHD stability, disruptions and control in magnetic fusion research that has occurred over the past (more than) one and a half decades since the publication by Hender et al in 2007 on the same topi…
View article: Electron trapping in gyrotron electron guns: Validation of the FENNECS code with the T-REX experiment
Electron trapping in gyrotron electron guns: Validation of the FENNECS code with the T-REX experiment Open
Gyrotrons are essential devices for the development of nuclear fusion, but their design and reliable operation still present numerous challenges. In particular, certain gyrotrons encounter issues related to trapped electron clouds in the m…
View article: Conceptual design of a modular EC heating system for EU-DEMO
Conceptual design of a modular EC heating system for EU-DEMO Open
The European DEMO (EU-DEMO) reactor studies within EUROfusion aim to develop a fusion power plant concept. The large tokamak device needs an auxiliary heating power which, at the present stage, is provided by the Electron Cyclotron (EC) he…
View article: ITER ECH Transmission Line System Design and Status
ITER ECH Transmission Line System Design and Status Open
The electron cyclotron (EC) heating & current drive (H&CD) system on ITER provides plasma heating by generating, transmitting, and launching high-intensity, high-frequency (170 GHz) electromagnetic wave energy steerable across the plasma c…
View article: Results on the 1 MW CW 170 GHz gyrotron TH1509UA for ITER and DTT at the FALCON test stand
Results on the 1 MW CW 170 GHz gyrotron TH1509UA for ITER and DTT at the FALCON test stand Open
In this contribution, the tests of the pre-series gyrotron TH1509UA for the Divertor Tokamak Test facility (DTT) at the FALCON test facility are presented. This versatile test bed proves useful for testing continuous wave (CW) high-power g…
View article: Experimental characterization of the TCV dual-frequency gyrotron and validation of numerical codes including the effect of After Cavity Interaction
Experimental characterization of the TCV dual-frequency gyrotron and validation of numerical codes including the effect of After Cavity Interaction Open
A dual-frequency gyrotron has been developed within the context of the recent Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV) upgrade. The gyrotron is designed to generate a 1 MW, 2 seconds RF wave at 84 or 126 GHz. Before integrating the gyrotrons…
View article: Fluid-dynamic and thermo-mechanical analyses of the ITER electron cyclotron Miter bend mirror for the off-centered beam scenario
Fluid-dynamic and thermo-mechanical analyses of the ITER electron cyclotron Miter bend mirror for the off-centered beam scenario Open
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View article: Frontiers in the Application of RF Vacuum Electronics
Frontiers in the Application of RF Vacuum Electronics Open
The application of radio frequency (RF) vacuum electronics for the betterment of the human condition began soon after the invention of the first vacuum tubes in the 1920s and has not stopped since. Today, microwave vacuum devices are power…
View article: Present design of the Steering Mirror Assembly (SMA) for ITER ECHUL
Present design of the Steering Mirror Assembly (SMA) for ITER ECHUL Open
In the ITER Tokamak, four Electron Cyclotron Heating Upper Launchers (ECHUL) are needed to control plasma instabilities at the rational surfaces, most importantly the q = 3/2 and q = 2/1 neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs). Each ECHUL is equ…
View article: High power mm-wave loss measurements of ITER ex-vessel waveguide components at the FALCON test facility at the Swiss Plasma Center
High power mm-wave loss measurements of ITER ex-vessel waveguide components at the FALCON test facility at the Swiss Plasma Center Open
Many future fusion devices will rely heavily, if not solely, on electron cyclotron (EC) heating subsystems to provide bulk heating, instability control (neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) stabilization), and thermal instability control. Effic…
View article: Cherenkov probes and runaway electrons diagnostics
Cherenkov probes and runaway electrons diagnostics Open
The beams of fast runaway electrons (RE), which are often produced during tokamak discharges, are particularly dangerous and can induce serious damages of the vacuum vessel and internal components of the machine. The proper and fast diagno…
View article: Prototype mitre bends of the ex-vessel waveguide system for the ITER upper launcher: Thermal hydraulic simulations and experiments with off-center mm-wave beams
Prototype mitre bends of the ex-vessel waveguide system for the ITER upper launcher: Thermal hydraulic simulations and experiments with off-center mm-wave beams Open
On ITER, long pulse gyrotrons are required as a power source for electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and current drive (CD). The microwaves are guided from the gyrotrons, which are placed far from the Tokamak, into the plasma by transmission …
View article: Design optimization of the Upper Steering Mirror Assembly (USMA) for ITER ECHUL in view of disruptive events
Design optimization of the Upper Steering Mirror Assembly (USMA) for ITER ECHUL in view of disruptive events Open
Four Electron Cyclotron Heating Upper Launchers (ECHUL) will be used at ITER to counteract magneto-hydrodynamic plasma instabilities by targeting them with up to 20 MW of mm-wave power at 170 GHz. The millimeter waves are guided through a …
View article: Design and Thermal-Structural Analyses of Ancillary Components for the Optical Steering Mirror (M4) for the ITER ECH Upper Launcher
Design and Thermal-Structural Analyses of Ancillary Components for the Optical Steering Mirror (M4) for the ITER ECH Upper Launcher Open
Each of the four ITER Electron Cyclotron Heating Upper Launcher (ECHUL) features eight transmission lines (TLs) that are used to inject 170-GHz microwave power into the plasma at a level of up to 1.31 MW (at the TL diamond window) per line…
View article: Design Concept and Thermal–Mechanical Analysis of the Optical Mirror (M3) for the ITER ECH Upper Launcher
Design Concept and Thermal–Mechanical Analysis of the Optical Mirror (M3) for the ITER ECH Upper Launcher Open
The mirror M3 is a part of the in-vessel quasi-optical beam propagation system for the ITER electron cyclotron heating upper launcher (ECHUL). The millimeter waves are guided through fixed mirror sets (M1, M2, and M3) and the front steerin…
View article: Design and Numerical Analyses of the M4 Steering Mirrors for the ITER Electron Cyclotron Heating Upper Launcher
Design and Numerical Analyses of the M4 Steering Mirrors for the ITER Electron Cyclotron Heating Upper Launcher Open
Four electron cyclotron heating upper launchers (ECHULs) will be used at ITER to counteract magnetohydrodynamic plasma instabilities by targeting them with up to 24 MW of mm-wave power at 170 GHz. This mm-wave power is injected through eig…
View article: High-Power Testing of Guided-Wave Components for the ITER ECH Upper Launcher at the FALCON Test Facility
High-Power Testing of Guided-Wave Components for the ITER ECH Upper Launcher at the FALCON Test Facility Open
Each of the four ITER electron cyclotron heating (ECH) upper launchers (ULs) features eight transmission lines (TLs) made of guided-wave components used to inject 170-GHz microwave power into the plasma at a level of up to 1.31 MW per line…
View article: High-efficiency, long-pulse operation of MW-level dual-frequency gyrotron, 84/126GHz, for the TCV Tokamak
High-efficiency, long-pulse operation of MW-level dual-frequency gyrotron, 84/126GHz, for the TCV Tokamak Open
The first unit of the dual-frequency gyrotron, 84126GHz/1MW/2s, for the upgrade of the TCV ECH system has been delivered and is presently being commissioned. During a first phase, long-pulse operation (TRF gt 0.5 mathrm{s}) has been achiev…