Timothy R. Julian
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View article: Integrated analyses of longitudinal trends of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wastewater, clinical resistance data, and antibiotic consumption in Switzerland
Integrated analyses of longitudinal trends of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wastewater, clinical resistance data, and antibiotic consumption in Switzerland Open
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance requires approaches that monitor both clinical and community-level dynamics. We monitored antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Swiss wastewater and compared these results with human resistance and an…
View article: Impacts of dynamic aerosol and pathogen concentrations on risks of <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> for Public Showers in Switzerland Based on a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Framework
Impacts of dynamic aerosol and pathogen concentrations on risks of <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> for Public Showers in Switzerland Based on a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Framework Open
L. pneumophila is a waterborne respiratory pathogen that causes Pontiac Fever and Legionnaires’ disease, two clinically significant diseases with increasing incidence in Europe. In this study, we develop a Quantitative Microbial Risk Asses…
View article: An integrated surveillance study of SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus infections
An integrated surveillance study of SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus infections Open
View article: Determinants and spatio-temporal structure of variability in wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral load measurements in Switzerland: Key insights for future surveillance efforts
Determinants and spatio-temporal structure of variability in wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral load measurements in Switzerland: Key insights for future surveillance efforts Open
Background: Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has emerged as a valuable tool for monitoring the circulation of infectious pathogens in the population, offering a complement to classical surveillance methods. However, the interpretation o…
View article: Robust real-time estimation of pathogen transmission dynamics from wastewater
Robust real-time estimation of pathogen transmission dynamics from wastewater Open
Wastewater monitoring has proven effective for tracking SARS-CoV-2 transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, estimating transmission parameters for other pathogens remains difficult due to lower concentrations in sewage, uncertai…
View article: Real-time outlier detection in digital PCR data for wastewater-based pathogen surveillance
Real-time outlier detection in digital PCR data for wastewater-based pathogen surveillance Open
Wastewater-based epidemiology provides insights into the spread of infectious diseases by sampling and analyzing wastewater from wastewater treatment plant catchments. Longitudinal measurements of pathogen concentrations in wastewater have…
View article: Performance and characteristics of three digital PCR platforms for detection and quantification of viral targets in wastewater
Performance and characteristics of three digital PCR platforms for detection and quantification of viral targets in wastewater Open
Aims The wider implementation of wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has increased the necessity for nucleic acid detection and quantification from complex samples. Here, we compared the performance and the characteristics of three digital…
View article: From clinics to sewers: leveraging environmental surveillance and whole genome sequencing to inform transmission of ESBL-Escherichia coli in Switzerland
From clinics to sewers: leveraging environmental surveillance and whole genome sequencing to inform transmission of ESBL-Escherichia coli in Switzerland Open
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is a major antimicrobial resistance concern spreading across human, animal, and environmental domains. To assess between-source transitions, we analysed 762 ESBL-E. coli ge…
View article: Evaluating viral inactivation in the liquid waste stream from a viral total nucleic acid extraction kit for safe disposal
Evaluating viral inactivation in the liquid waste stream from a viral total nucleic acid extraction kit for safe disposal Open
View article: Characterizing influenza A virus lineages and clinically relevant mutations through high-coverage wastewater sequencing
Characterizing influenza A virus lineages and clinically relevant mutations through high-coverage wastewater sequencing Open
Influenza A virus poses significant public health challenges, causing seasonal outbreaks and pandemics. Its rapid evolution motivates continuous monitoring of circulating influenza genomes to inform vaccine and antiviral development. Waste…
View article: Importance of a heat snap in RT-PCR quantification of rotavirus double-stranded RNA in wastewater
Importance of a heat snap in RT-PCR quantification of rotavirus double-stranded RNA in wastewater Open
Quantification of copies of double stranded RNA using RT-PCR methods may require denaturation of the double stranded structure using an initial high temperature incubation followed by rapid cooling, herein called “heat snap”. Papers in the…
View article: Estimated transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants from wastewater are unbiased and robust to differential shedding
Estimated transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants from wastewater are unbiased and robust to differential shedding Open
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development and adoption of wastewater-based epidemiology. Wastewater samples can provide genomic information for detecting and assessing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants in communities and for es…
View article: Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for the detection of diarrheagenic <i>E. coli</i> in wastewater
Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for the detection of diarrheagenic <i>E. coli</i> in wastewater Open
Diarrheagenic E. coli is responsible for a substantial portion of foodborne diseases globally. The use of standard diagnostic tools for the detection of diarrheagenic E. coli often hampers the establishment of robust surveillance when no e…
View article: Transmission dynamics of Norovirus GII and Enterovirus in Switzerland during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021–2022) as evidenced in wastewater
Transmission dynamics of Norovirus GII and Enterovirus in Switzerland during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021–2022) as evidenced in wastewater Open
View article: Wastewater-based surveillance for measles, mumps and rubella in Switzerland
Wastewater-based surveillance for measles, mumps and rubella in Switzerland Open
Measles, mumps, and rubella are highly contagious viral diseases that can cause severe health complications, particularly in children and the elderly. To reduce risks, vaccination with the Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommend…
View article: Wastewater-based poliovirus surveillance using digital PCR
Wastewater-based poliovirus surveillance using digital PCR Open
Poliovirus is the causative agent of poliomyelitis, a potentially debilitating disease that is a target for global eradication. Vaccination against poliomyelitis is an important tool in the eradication effort, but one of the available vacc…
View article: Post-sampling degradation of viral RNA in wastewater impacts the quality of PCR-based concentration estimates
Post-sampling degradation of viral RNA in wastewater impacts the quality of PCR-based concentration estimates Open
Successful wastewater-based infectious disease surveillance programs depend on regular, reliable molecular detection of nucleic acids in municipal wastewater systems. This process is challenged by the gradual degradation of the viral conte…
View article: Retrospective Wastewater Tracking of Measles Outbreak in Western Switzerland in Winter 2024
Retrospective Wastewater Tracking of Measles Outbreak in Western Switzerland in Winter 2024 Open
Measles outbreaks remain a significant public health challenge, despite high vaccination coverage in many regions. Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) offers a noninvasive and community-level approach to monitoring the circulation of patho…
View article: Insights into respiratory illness at the population level through parallel analysis of pharmaceutical and viral markers in wastewater
Insights into respiratory illness at the population level through parallel analysis of pharmaceutical and viral markers in wastewater Open
View article: Determinants and spatio-temporal structure of variability in wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral load measurements in Switzerland: key insights for future surveillance efforts
Determinants and spatio-temporal structure of variability in wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral load measurements in Switzerland: key insights for future surveillance efforts Open
Background: Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has emerged as a valuable tool for monitoring the circulation of infectious pathogens in the population, offering a complement to classical surveillance methods. However, the interpretation o…
View article: Transmission dynamics of Norovirus GII and Enterovirus in Switzerland during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021-2022) as evidenced in wastewater
Transmission dynamics of Norovirus GII and Enterovirus in Switzerland during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021-2022) as evidenced in wastewater Open
Noroviruses and enteroviruses are major causes of endemic gastrointestinal disease associated with substantial disease burden. However, viral gastroenteritis is often diagnosed based on symptoms, with etiology infrequently tested or report…
View article: Clade-specific multiplex digital PCR assay for monkeypox virus detection in wastewater
Clade-specific multiplex digital PCR assay for monkeypox virus detection in wastewater Open
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic pathogen that has recently caused outbreaks in non-endemic areas. Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) offers substantial potential for monitoring MPVX clades, and it can inform population-level disease …
View article: Wastewater sequencing reveals the genomic landscape of Influenza A virus in Switzerland
Wastewater sequencing reveals the genomic landscape of Influenza A virus in Switzerland Open
Influenza A virus poses significant public health challenges, causing seasonal outbreaks and pandemics. Its rapid evolution motivates continuous monitoring of circulating influenza genomes to inform vaccine and antiviral development. Waste…
View article: High-Throughput Multiplex Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and Virulence Factors in Escherichia coli Using Digital Multiplex Ligation Assay
High-Throughput Multiplex Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and Virulence Factors in Escherichia coli Using Digital Multiplex Ligation Assay Open
Escherichia coli causes >400,000 annual deaths in children aged 99.9% specificity and balanced accuracy on synthetic DNA. Balanced accuracy, calculated as the average of sensitivity and specificity, accounts for imbalanced data sets where …
View article: Lognormal distributions capture site-specific variability in enteric virus concentrations in wastewater
Lognormal distributions capture site-specific variability in enteric virus concentrations in wastewater Open
As more data on virus concentrations in influent water from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) becomes available, establishing best practices for virus measurements, monitoring, and statistical modelling can improve the understanding of v…
View article: Retrospective Wastewater Based Tracking of Measles Outbreak in Canton of Vaud, Switzerland: January – March 2024
Retrospective Wastewater Based Tracking of Measles Outbreak in Canton of Vaud, Switzerland: January – March 2024 Open
Measles outbreaks remain a significant public health challenge despite high vaccination coverage in many regions. Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) offers a non-invasive and community-level approach to monitoring the circulation of patho…
View article: Modelling exposure to aerosols from showers: Implications for microbial risk assessment
Modelling exposure to aerosols from showers: Implications for microbial risk assessment Open
Inhalation of aerosols produced during showering exposes people to chemical and microbial contaminants present in the water. To improve quantitative estimates of exposure and to inform the efficacy of potential interventions to reduce expo…
View article: Wastewater-based sequencing of Respiratory Syncytial Virus enables tracking of lineages and identifying mutations at antigenic sites
Wastewater-based sequencing of Respiratory Syncytial Virus enables tracking of lineages and identifying mutations at antigenic sites Open
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infections pose a substantial health burden, especially for vulnerable populations such as infants and the elderly. While novel immunoprophylaxis offer promising protection, many countries lack robust surv…
View article: Clade-specific multiplex digital PCR assay for monkeypox virus detection in wastewater
Clade-specific multiplex digital PCR assay for monkeypox virus detection in wastewater Open
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic pathogen that has recently caused outbreaks in non-endemic areas. Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) offers substantial potential for monitoring MPVX clades, and it can inform population-level disease …
View article: Modelling exposure to aerosols from showers: implications for microbial risk assessment
Modelling exposure to aerosols from showers: implications for microbial risk assessment Open
Inhalation of aerosols produced during showering exposes people to chemical and microbial contaminants present in the water. To improve quantitative estimates of exposure and to inform the efficacy of potential interventions to reduce expo…