Toby Gardner
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View article: Prospects and challenges for policy convergence between the EU and China to address imported deforestation
Prospects and challenges for policy convergence between the EU and China to address imported deforestation Open
The EU and China are major importers of 'forest-risk' commodities and thus play a pivotal role in shaping the sustainability of those commodities supply chains. The EU recently introduced a regulation mandating due diligence by companies t…
View article: Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly
Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly Open
The tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is unclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with hotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or more vu…
View article: Disentangling the numbers behind agriculture-driven tropical deforestation
Disentangling the numbers behind agriculture-driven tropical deforestation Open
Tropical deforestation continues at alarming rates with profound impacts on ecosystems, climate, and livelihoods, prompting renewed commitments to halt its continuation. Although it is well established that agriculture is a dominant driver…
View article: Disentangling the numbers behind agriculture-driven tropical deforestation
Disentangling the numbers behind agriculture-driven tropical deforestation Open
Tropical deforestation continues at alarming rates with profound impacts on ecosystems, climate, and livelihoods, prompting renewed commitments to halt its continuation. Although it is well established that agriculture is a dominant driver…
View article: Addressing indirect sourcing in zero deforestation commodity supply chains
Addressing indirect sourcing in zero deforestation commodity supply chains Open
The trade in agricultural commodities is a backbone of the global economy but is a major cause of negative social and environmental impacts, not least deforestation. Commodity traders are key actors in efforts to eliminate deforestation—th…
What does it take to achieve net zero? Opportunities and barriers in the steel, cement, agriculture, and oil and gas sectors Open
The report provides insights from sustainability experts focused on four high-emitting sectors – steel, cement, agricultural commodities, and oil and gas. In assessments that can be read independently, we highlight what investors need to k…
View article: Addressing indirect sourcing in zero deforestation commodity supply chains.
Addressing indirect sourcing in zero deforestation commodity supply chains. Open
The trade in agricultural commodities is a backbone of the global economy but is a major cause of negative social and environmental impacts, not least deforestation. Commodity traders are key actors in efforts to eliminate deforestation - …
A Commodity Supply Mix for More Regionalized Life Cycle Assessments Open
Supply chain information is invaluable to further regionalize product life cycle assessments (LCAs), but detailed information linking production and consumption centers is not always available. We introduce the commodity supply mix (CSM) d…
View article: Tracking the impacts of El Niño drought and fire in human-modified Amazonian forests
Tracking the impacts of El Niño drought and fire in human-modified Amazonian forests Open
Significance Amazonia is experiencing an increase in the frequency of extreme droughts and wildfires. However, the duration of their impacts on plant mortality and carbon stocks are poorly known, and it is unclear whether impacts are ampli…
The Paraguayan Chaco at a crossroads: drivers of an emerging soybean frontier Open
Our study analyzes potential agro-industrial soybean expansion dynamics and is the first to project soybean expansion Paraguayan Chaco. This biodiverse region, home to the greatest diversity of indigenous groups in Paraguay, has recently s…
The origin, supply chain, and deforestation risk of Brazil’s beef exports Open
Significance The trade in agricultural commodities is a mainstay of the globalized economy, though the complex nature of commodity supply chains makes it difficult to identify the origin of and impact embedded in products. We brought toget…
View article: Integrated terrestrial-freshwater planning doubles conservation of tropical aquatic species
Integrated terrestrial-freshwater planning doubles conservation of tropical aquatic species Open
Consider both water and land When designing terrestrial reserves, it is common to consider the needs of species and systems from a terrestrial perspective, with an assumption that any freshwater systems will benefit as well. Leal et al. te…
The origin, supply chain, and deforestation footprint of Brazil's beef exports. Open
Though the international trade in agricultural commodities is worth more than 1.6 trillion USD per year, we still have a poor understanding of the supply chains connecting places of production and consumption and the socio-economic and env…
How to halt the global decline of lands Open
The assessment of land degradation and restoration by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services shows that land degradation across the globe is a wide and severe issue and is showing no signs of s…
Focus on leakage and spillovers: informing land-use governance in a tele-coupled world Open
Governing land use to achieve sustainable outcomes is challenging, because land systems manifest complex land use spillovers—i.e. processes by which land use changes or direct interventions in land use (e.g. policy, program, new technologi…
Using supply chain data to monitor zero deforestation commitments: an assessment of progress in the Brazilian soy sector Open
Zero deforestation commitments (ZDCs) are voluntary initiatives where companies or countries pledge to eliminate deforestation from their supply chains. These commitments offer much promise for sustainable commodity production, but are und…
Linking global drivers of agricultural trade to on-the-ground impacts on biodiversity Open
Consumption of globally traded agricultural commodities like soy and palm oil is one of the primary causes of deforestation and biodiversity loss in some of the world’s most species-rich ecosystems. However, the complexity of global supply…
Using supply chain data to monitor zero deforestation commitments: an assessment of progress in the Brazilian soy sector. Open
Zero deforestation commitments (ZDCs) are voluntary initiatives where companies or countries pledge to eliminate deforestation from their supply chains. These commitments offer much promise for sustainable commodity production, but are und…
NON-RANDOM TIMING OF ECOLOGICAL SHIFTS ON CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS SUGGESTS REGIONAL CAUSES OF CHANGE Open
A bstract Caribbean reefs have experienced unprecedented changes in the past four decades. Of great concern is the perceived widespread shift from coral to macroalgal dominance and the question of whether it represents a new, stable equili…
Highlighting the Roles of Producers and Consumers in Land and Water use for Agricultural Production in Southern Amazonia Open
For decades, agricultural expansion in Southern Amazonia has relied on deforestation to increase the national and global supplies of cattle and soybean products. Research on the use of land and water for increasing the region’s pasture and…
Criteria for effective zero-deforestation commitments Open
Zero-deforestation commitments are a type of voluntary sustainability initiative that companies adopt to signal their intention to reduce or eliminate deforestation associated with commodities that they produce, trade, and/or sell. Because…
Second rate or a second chance? Assessing biomass and biodiversity recovery in regenerating Amazonian forests Open
Secondary forests (SFs) regenerating on previously deforested land account for large, expanding areas of tropical forest cover. Given that tropical forests rank among Earth’s most important reservoirs of carbon and biodiversity, SFs play a…