Tom W. Bell
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View article: Developing a Status and Trends Assessment for Floating Kelp Canopies across Large Geographic Areas
Developing a Status and Trends Assessment for Floating Kelp Canopies across Large Geographic Areas Open
Effective kelp forest stewardship and management requires understanding of status and trends, but most kelp monitoring data streams on the U.S. West Coast are focused on subregional scales with outputs targeted toward a scientific audience…
View article: Marine protected areas enhance climate resilience to severe marine heatwaves for kelp forests
Marine protected areas enhance climate resilience to severe marine heatwaves for kelp forests Open
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an important tool for conserving coastal marine ecosystems, with well‐documented benefits for fished species. However, their potential to benefit non‐exploited species, such as primary producers in kelp fo…
View article: Senescence-driven solubilization of biomass is the main source of kelp-derived dissolved organic carbon to the coastal ocean
Senescence-driven solubilization of biomass is the main source of kelp-derived dissolved organic carbon to the coastal ocean Open
Kelp forests form some of the most productive areas on earth and are proposed to sequester carbon in the ocean, largely in the form of released dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Here we investigate the role of environmental, seasonal and age…
View article: Production and fate of macroalgal carbon in the ocean: How much do macroalgal organics matter?
Production and fate of macroalgal carbon in the ocean: How much do macroalgal organics matter? Open
Global carbon sequestration by macroalgae is hypothesized to rival rates in other blue carbon ecosystems. However, quantifying macroalgal carbon sequestration is challenging as it is hypothesized to occur outside macroalgal ecosystems, wit…
View article: Drivers of kelp forest refugia during successive disturbance events
Drivers of kelp forest refugia during successive disturbance events Open
Increased ocean temperatures have led to large‐scale declines in many ecologically important species, including kelp forests. Spatial heterogeneity across seascapes could protect kelp individuals and small populations from thermal stress a…
View article: Machine learning reveals hierarchical spatial patterns in salt marsh ditching along U.S. Atlantic Coast
Machine learning reveals hierarchical spatial patterns in salt marsh ditching along U.S. Atlantic Coast Open
The loss of salt marshes and their ecosystem services following anthropogenic disturbances necessitates restoration built on a scale-dependent understanding of how the prevalence and intensity of these disturbances are linked to ecosystem …
View article: Global floating kelp forests have limited protection despite intensifying marine heatwave threats
Global floating kelp forests have limited protection despite intensifying marine heatwave threats Open
Kelp forests are one of the earth’s most productive ecosystems and are at great risk from climate change, yet little is known regarding their current conservation status and global future threats. Here, by combining a global remote sensing…
View article: Senescence-driven solubilization of kelp biomass is a potentially large source of dissolved organic carbon to the coastal ocean
Senescence-driven solubilization of kelp biomass is a potentially large source of dissolved organic carbon to the coastal ocean Open
Kelp forests form some of the most productive areas on earth and are proposed to sequester carbon in the ocean, largely in the form of released dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Here we investigate the role of environmental, seasonal and age…
View article: Unlocking ecological insights from sub‐seasonal visible‐to‐shortwave infrared imaging spectroscopy: The <scp>SHIFT</scp> campaign
Unlocking ecological insights from sub‐seasonal visible‐to‐shortwave infrared imaging spectroscopy: The <span>SHIFT</span> campaign Open
We stand at the threshold of a transformative era in Earth observation, marked by space‐borne visible‐to‐shortwave infrared (VSWIR) imaging spectrometers that promise consistent global observations of ecosystem function, phenology, and int…
View article: Senescence driven solubilization of biomass is the main source of kelp-derived dissolved organic carbon to the coastal ocean
Senescence driven solubilization of biomass is the main source of kelp-derived dissolved organic carbon to the coastal ocean Open
Kelp forests form some of the most productive areas on earth and are proposed to sequester carbon in the ocean, largely in the form of released dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Here we investigate the role of environmental, seasonal and age…
View article: Ulex: Open Source Law for Non-Territorial Governance
Ulex: Open Source Law for Non-Territorial Governance Open
Communities that stretch across international borders struggle to resolve their members’ disputes. It is not a trifling problem. Distributed protocols such as Ethereum, EOS, and Dash host hundreds of billions of dollars in assets and handl…
View article: The Counter-Militia Second Amendment
The Counter-Militia Second Amendment Open
Despite their many disagreements about how to interpret it, courts and commentators agree the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution favors the militia. Some think the Second Amendment protects an individual right to keep and b…
View article: Drivers of spatiotemporal variability in a marine foundation species
Drivers of spatiotemporal variability in a marine foundation species Open
Marine foundation species are critical for the structure and functioning of ecosystems and constitute the pillar of trophic chains while also providing a variety of ecosystem services. In recent decades, many foundation species have declin…
View article: Marine Protected Areas That Preserve Trophic Cascades Promote Resilience of Kelp Forests to Marine Heatwaves
Marine Protected Areas That Preserve Trophic Cascades Promote Resilience of Kelp Forests to Marine Heatwaves Open
Under accelerating threats from climate‐change impacts, marine protected areas (MPAs) have been proposed as climate‐adaptation tools to enhance the resilience of marine ecosystems. Yet, debate persists as to whether and how MPAs may promot…
View article: A site selection decision framework for effective kelp restoration
A site selection decision framework for effective kelp restoration Open
Highlights Site selection is one of the most important factors for ecosystem restoration success A spatial prioritization framework for application to kelp restoration in California The framework merges kelp metrics derived from in-situ su…
View article: New Technologies for Monitoring Coastal Ecosystem Dynamics
New Technologies for Monitoring Coastal Ecosystem Dynamics Open
In recent years, our view of coastal ecosystems has expanded and come into greater focus. We are currently making more types of observations over larger areas and at higher frequencies than ever before. These advances are timely, as coasta…
View article: Drivers of spatio-temporal variability in a marine foundation species
Drivers of spatio-temporal variability in a marine foundation species Open
Marine foundation species are critical for the structure and functioning of ecosystems and constitute the pillar of trophic chains while also providing a variety of ecosystem services. In recent decades many foundation species have decline…
View article: Kelp Report Card 2023
Kelp Report Card 2023 Open
The Kelp Report Card is an annual, data-driven evaluation of kelp canopy dynamics in the Northeast Pacific relative to historical trends. This analysis spans the West Coast of the United States through Baja California, Mexico and mobilizes…
View article: Kelp Report Card 2022
Kelp Report Card 2022 Open
The Kelp Report Card is an annual, data-driven evaluation of kelp canopy dynamics in the Northeast Pacific relative to historical trends. This analysis spans the West Coast of the United States through Baja California, Mexico and mobilizes…
View article: Modeling coupled dynamics of an empirical predator-prey system to predict top predator recovery
Modeling coupled dynamics of an empirical predator-prey system to predict top predator recovery Open
Limited data, time, and funding lead conservation managers to make difficult choices in managing species recovery. Coupled dynamical models are relied upon for decision support, but their application to empirical predator-prey systems has …
View article: Intensifying marine heatwaves and limited protection threaten global kelp forests
Intensifying marine heatwaves and limited protection threaten global kelp forests Open
Kelp forests are one of the earth’s most productive ecosystems and are at the greatest risk from climate change, yet little is known regarding their future threats and current conservation status. By combining a global remote sensing datas…
View article: Short wave attenuation by a kelp forest canopy
Short wave attenuation by a kelp forest canopy Open
Giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ) forests are common along the California coast. Attached on the rocky bottom at depths of approximately 5–25 m, the kelp, when mature, spans the water column and develops dense, buoyant canopies that inte…
View article: Marine protected areas promote resilience of kelp forests to marine heatwaves by preserving trophic cascades
Marine protected areas promote resilience of kelp forests to marine heatwaves by preserving trophic cascades Open
Under accelerating threats from climate change impacts, marine protected areas (MPAs) have been proposed as climate adaptation tools to enhance the resilience of marine ecosystems. Yet, debate persists as to whether and how MPAs may promot…
View article: A marine heatwave changes the stabilizing effects of biodiversity in kelp forests
A marine heatwave changes the stabilizing effects of biodiversity in kelp forests Open
Biodiversity can stabilize ecological communities through biological insurance, but climate and other environmental changes may disrupt this process via simultaneous ecosystem destabilization and biodiversity loss. While changes to diversi…
View article: Dispersal synchronizes giant kelp forests
Dispersal synchronizes giant kelp forests Open
Spatial synchrony is the tendency for population fluctuations to be correlated among different locations. This phenomenon is a ubiquitous feature of population dynamics and is important for ecosystem stability, but several aspects of synch…
View article: Spatial synchrony cascades across ecosystem boundaries and up food webs via resource subsidies
Spatial synchrony cascades across ecosystem boundaries and up food webs via resource subsidies Open
Cross-ecosystem subsidies are critical to ecosystem structure and function, especially in recipient ecosystems where they are the primary source of organic matter to the food web. Subsidies are indicative of processes connecting ecosystems…