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View article: Plasma‐activated water to foster sustainable agriculture: Evidence and quest for the fundamentals
Plasma‐activated water to foster sustainable agriculture: Evidence and quest for the fundamentals Open
Societal Impact Statement An increasing world population facing limited natural resources poses a global challenge to food security. This challenge is increasing due to climate change, which in turn is strongly affected by the food system …
View article: Plasma-activated water promotes and finely tunes arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Lotus japonicus
Plasma-activated water promotes and finely tunes arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Lotus japonicus Open
Background Plasma-activated water (PAW) is a recently developed cutting-edge technology that is increasingly gaining interest for its applications in medicine, food industry and agriculture. In plant biology, PAW has been shown to enhance …
View article: Modulatory effect of plasma-activated water on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in<i>Lotus japonicus</i>
Modulatory effect of plasma-activated water on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in<i>Lotus japonicus</i> Open
Plasma-activated water (PAW) is a recently developed cutting-edge technology that is increasingly gaining interest for its applications in medicine, food industry and agriculture. In plant biology, PAW has been shown to promote seed germin…
View article: Volume and surface effects in Cs-free regimes in NIO1
Volume and surface effects in Cs-free regimes in NIO1 Open
NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization phase 1) is a compact multiaperture radiofrequency H - ion source whose design was optimized for sustainable prolonged beam on target operation; for installation economy, its size was drastically reduced wit…
View article: First operations with caesium of the negative ion source SPIDER
First operations with caesium of the negative ion source SPIDER Open
The negative-ion based neutral beam injector for heating and current drive of the ITER plasma (ITER HNB) is under development, at present focusing on the optimization of the full-scale plasma source in the SPIDER test stand. The production…
View article: The H multiaperture source NIO1: gas conditioning and first cesiations
The H multiaperture source NIO1: gas conditioning and first cesiations Open
In NIO1, a compact H - ion source installed at RFX operated in continuous mode, gas conditioning was needed to improve results in Cs-free regimes (up to a current density about 25 or 30 A/m 2 ). Installation of a cesium oven gave an additi…
View article: Latest experimental and theoretical advances in the production of negative ions in caesium-free plasmas
Latest experimental and theoretical advances in the production of negative ions in caesium-free plasmas Open
\n This topical review gathers the last updates concerning caesium-free negative ion sources presented during the $$63{\\mathrm {rd}}$$ Course of the International school of Quantum Electronics of the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Europea…
View article: First operation in SPIDER and the path to complete MITICA
First operation in SPIDER and the path to complete MITICA Open
The requirements of ITER neutral beam injectors (1 MeV, 40 A negative deuterium ion current for 1 h) have never been simultaneously attained; therefore, a dedicated Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) was set up at Consorzio RFX (Padova, Ita…
View article: Beam and installation improvements of the NIO1 ion source
Beam and installation improvements of the NIO1 ion source Open
The NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization phase 1) source can provide continuous beam operation, which is convenient for systematic parameter and equipment studies. Even in the pure volume production regime, the source yield was found to depend …
View article: Progress in the ITER neutral beam test facility
Progress in the ITER neutral beam test facility Open
Heating neutral beam (HNB) injectors, necessary to achieve burning conditions and to control plasma instabilities in ITER, are characterized by such demanding parameters that a neutral beam test facility (NBTF) dedicated to their developme…
View article: Particle Beams as Controllable Complex Systems: Application of the Network Theory
Particle Beams as Controllable Complex Systems: Application of the Network Theory Open
High power neutral beam injectors, like those for ITER, must satisfy very demanding parameters (40 A of negative ion current accelerated up to 1 MV for one hour). They are made of various components, which influence each other, so that the…
View article: Numerical investigation of the early operational phase of the negative ion test facility SPIDER: Beam features
Numerical investigation of the early operational phase of the negative ion test facility SPIDER: Beam features Open
The ITER tokamak requires two injectors of neutral beams resulting from the neutralisation of accelerated negative hydrogen/deuterium ions. To optimise the source operation, a specific test facility (“PRIMA”) was established in Padova, com…
View article: First measurements of beam plasma in NIFS test stand
First measurements of beam plasma in NIFS test stand Open
We report on the characteristics of the beam-generated plasma in the multibeamlet case of a hydrogen negative ion beam at NIFS. The plasma potential, and the energy of secondary particles in the drift region of an ion beam, offer an insigh…
View article: Extraction of many H− beamlets from ion source NIO1
Extraction of many H− beamlets from ion source NIO1 Open
After installation of Mo liners in the source NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization phase 1), hydrogen plasmas in a continuous regime operation (much longer than one hour) are routinely maintained, with more than 1 kW rf power and 0.5 Pa pressur…
View article: Plasma characterization of a Hall effect thruster for a negative ion source concept
Plasma characterization of a Hall effect thruster for a negative ion source concept Open
The characterization of the plasma generated by a Hall Effect thruster operating in Nitrogen and Hydrogen is presented. Measurements of the spatial profiles of the electron temperature and density of the plume have been obtained by scannin…
View article: Alternative concept of an efficient negative ion source for neutral beams
Alternative concept of an efficient negative ion source for neutral beams Open
Negative ion sources are a key component of neutral beam injection systems, which are used in fusion experiments to raise the plasma parameters to start ignition. A novel concept for a negative ion source based on existing well tested Hall…
View article: Start of SPIDER operation towards ITER neutral beams
Start of SPIDER operation towards ITER neutral beams Open
In June 2018 the SPIDER device, which is the full-size prototype of the negative ion source and extractor for the ITER Heating Neutral Beam has entered the first operation phase at the Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) in Padova, Italy. Th…
View article: The NIO1 negative ion source: Investigation and operation experience
The NIO1 negative ion source: Investigation and operation experience Open
The NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization 1) source is developing a systematic test programme of magnetic configurations, including permanent magnet filter up to 15 mT dipole strength, tunable current filter up to 3 mT strength (parallel or perp…
View article: The PRIMA Test Facility: SPIDER and MITICA test-beds for ITER neutral beam injectors
The PRIMA Test Facility: SPIDER and MITICA test-beds for ITER neutral beam injectors Open
The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF), called PRIMA (Padova Research on ITER Megavolt Accelerator), is hosted in Padova, Italy and includes two experiments: MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER heating neutral beam injector, a…
View article: Overview of the RFX-mod fusion science activity
Overview of the RFX-mod fusion science activity Open
This paper reports the main recent results of the RFX-mod fusion science activity. The RFX-mod device is characterized by a unique flexibility in terms of accessible magnetic configurations. Axisymmetric and helically shaped reversed-field…
View article: The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility towards SPIDER operation
The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility towards SPIDER operation Open
SPIDER is one of two projects of the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility under construction in Padova, Italy, at the Consorzio RFX premises. It will have a 100 keV beam source with a full-size prototype of the radiofrequency ion source for the…
View article: Neutralisation and transport of negative ion beams: physics and diagnostics
Neutralisation and transport of negative ion beams: physics and diagnostics Open
Neutral beam injection is one of the most important methods of plasma heating in thermonuclear fusion experiments, allowing the attainment of fusion conditions as well as driving the plasma current. Neutral beams are generally produced by …
View article: Determination of the meniscus shape of a negative ion beam from an experimentally obtained beam profile
Determination of the meniscus shape of a negative ion beam from an experimentally obtained beam profile Open
In order to understand the physics mechanism of a negative ion extraction in negative ion sources, an emission surface of the negative ions around an aperture at a plasma grid, so-called a meniscus, has been analyzed by an inverse calculat…
View article: Improvements of the versatile multiaperture negative ion source NIO1
Improvements of the versatile multiaperture negative ion source NIO1 Open
The ion source NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization 1) was developed and installed as a reduced-size model of multi-aperture sources used in neutral beam injectors. NIO1 beam optics is optimized for a 135 mA H− current (subdivided in 9 beamlets…
View article: Experimental validation of an innovative deflection compensation method in a multi-beamlet negative-ion accelerator
Experimental validation of an innovative deflection compensation method in a multi-beamlet negative-ion accelerator Open
An innovative magnetic configuration called ADCM (Asymmetric Deflection Compensation Magnets) has been recently proposed for the cancellation of the "criss-cross" deflection of ion trajectories in multi-beamlet negative ion accelerators. S…
View article: Preliminary studies for a beam-generated plasma neutralizer test in NIO1
Preliminary studies for a beam-generated plasma neutralizer test in NIO1 Open
The deployment of neutral beam injectors in future fusion plants is beset by the particularly poor efficiency of the neutralization process. Beam-generated plasma neutralizers were proposed as a passive and intrinsically safe scheme of eff…
View article: Heating Neutral Beams for ITER: Present Status
Heating Neutral Beams for ITER: Present Status Open
—The heating neutral beam (HNB) systems at ITER are designed to inject a total of 33 MW of either 1 MeV D0 or 870 keV H0 beams into the ITER plasma using two injectors with a possible addition of a third injector later to increase the inje…
View article: The Full-Size Source and Injector Prototypes for ITER Neutral Beams
The Full-Size Source and Injector Prototypes for ITER Neutral Beams Open
The development of the NBI systems for ITER requires unprecedented parameters (40A of negative ion current accelerated up to 1MV for one hour) so that a test facility is in the final phase of construction at Consorzio RFX (Padova, Italy), …