Explanipedia

The dorsal/ventral subdivision of the hindbrain predates the tunicate/vertebrate split Open

Matthew J. Kourakis, Yishen Miao, Erin Newman‐Smith, Kerrianne Ryan, William C. Smith · 2025

While the CNSs of the chordate sister clades Tunicata and Vertebrata have unmistakable homology, the extent of their conservation is still being uncovered. We report that the hindbrain of the tunicate Ciona, like those of vertebrates, has …

Motor neurons in the tunicate caudal central nervous system reveal homology to the vertebrate spinal cord Open

Matthew J. Kourakis, Kerrianne Ryan, Erin Newman‐Smith, Ian A. Meinertzhagen, William C. Smith · 2025

Invertebrate chordates, such as the tunicate Ciona, can offer insight into the evolution of the chordate phylum. Anatomical features shared between invertebrate chordates and vertebrates may be taken as evidence of their presence in a comm…

Whole nervous system expression of glutamate receptors reveals distinct receptor roles in sensorimotor circuits Open

Cezar Borba, Matthew J. Kourakis, Yishen Miao, Bharath Guduri, Jianan Deng , et al. · 2024

A goal of connectomics is to reveal the links between neural circuits and behavior. Larvae of the primitive chordate Ciona are well-suited to make contributions in this area. In addition to having a described connectome, Ciona larvae have …

Deep homologies in chordate caudal central nervous systems Open

William C. Smith, Matthew J. Kourakis, Kerrianne Ryan, Erin Newman Smith, Ian A. Meinertzhagen · 2024

Invertebrate chordates, such as the tunicate Ciona, can offer insight into the evolution of the chordate phylum. Anatomical features that are shared between invertebrate chordates and vertebrates may be taken as evidence of their presence …

A single oscillating proto-hypothalamic neuron gates taxis behavior in the primitive chordate Ciona Open

Janeva Chung, Erin Newman‐Smith, Matthew J. Kourakis, Yishen Miao, Cezar Borba , et al. · 2023

A single oscillating proto-hypothalamic neuron gates taxis behavior in the primitive chordateCiona Open

Janeva Chung, Erin Newman‐Smith, Matthew J. Kourakis, Yishen Miao, Cezar Borba , et al. · 2023

Summary Ciona larvae display a number of behaviors, including negative phototaxis. In negative phototaxis, the larvae first perform short spontaneous rhythmic casting swims. As larvae cast in a light field, their photoreceptors are directi…

A whole nervous system atlas of glutamate receptors reveals distinct receptor roles in sensorimotor circuits Open

Cezar Borba, Matthew J. Kourakis, Yishen Miao, Bharath Guduri, Jianan Deng , et al. · 2023

A goal of connectomics is to reveal the links between neural circuits and behavior. Larvae of the primitive chordate Ciona are well-suited to make contributions in this area. The small size of the Ciona larval nervous system (∼180 neurons)…

Slurry atomizer for a coal-feeder and dryer used to provide coal at gasifier pressure Open

John L. Loth, William C. Smith, Gary R Friggens · 2023

The present invention is directed to a coal-water slurry atomizer for use a high-pressure dryer employed in a pumping system utilized to feed coal into a pressurized coal gasifier. The slurry atomizer is provided with a venturi, constant a…

Automatic classification and neurotransmitter prediction of synapses in electron microscopy - CORRIGENDUM Open

Angela Zhang, S. Shailja, Cezar Borba, Yishen Miao, Michael Goebel , et al. · 2023

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Automatic classification and neurotransmitter prediction of synapses in electron microscopy Open

Angela Zhang, S. Shailja, Cezar Borba, Yishen Miao, Michael Goebel , et al. · 2022

This paper presents a deep-learning-based workflow to detect synapses and predict their neurotransmitter type in the primitive chordate Ciona intestinalis ( Ciona ) electron microscopic (EM) images. Identifying synapses from EM images to b…

Automatic Detection and Neurotransmitter Prediction of Synapses in Electron Microscopy Open

Angela Zhang, S. Shailja, Cezar Borba, Yishen Miao, Michael Goebel , et al. · 2021

This paper presents a deep-learning based workflow to detect synapses and predict their neurotransmitter type in the primitive chordate Ciona intestinalis ( Ciona ) EM images. Identifying synapses from electron microscopy (EM) images to bu…

Fold Change Detection in Visual Processing Open

Cezar Borba, Matthew J. Kourakis, Shea Schwennicke, Lorena Brasnic, William C. Smith · 2021

Visual processing transforms the complexities of the visual world into useful information. Ciona , an invertebrate chordate and close relative of the vertebrates, has one of the simplest nervous systems known, yet has a range of visuomotor…

Misregulation of cell adhesion molecules in the Ciona neural tube closure mutant bugeye Open

Haley M. Smith, Stephanie M. Khairallah, Ann Hong Nguyen, Erin Newman‐Smith, William C. Smith · 2021

Neural tube closure (NTC) is a complex multi-step morphogenetic process that transforms the flat neural plate found on the surface of the post-gastrulation embryo into the hollow and subsurface central nervous system (CNS). Errors in this …

Disruption of left-right axis specification in Ciona induces molecular, cellular, and functional defects in asymmetric brain structures Open

Matthew J. Kourakis, Michaela Bostwick, Amanda Zabriskie, William C. Smith · 2021

Background Left-right asymmetries are a common feature of metazoans and can be found in a number of organs including the nervous system. These asymmetries are particularly pronounced in the simple central nervous system (CNS) of the swimmi…

The long-term impact of the Leprosy Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (LPEP) program on leprosy incidence: A modelling study Open

David J. Blok, Peter Steinmann, Anuj Tiwari, Tanja Barth‐Jaeggi, Mohammad Arif , et al. · 2021

Background The Leprosy Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (LPEP) program explored the feasibility and impact of contact tracing and the provision of single dose rifampicin (SDR) to eligible contacts of newly diagnosed leprosy patients in Brazil, In…

Left/right asymmetry disruptions and mirror-image reversals to behavior and brain anatomy inCiona Open

Matthew J. Kourakis, Michaela Bostwick, Amanda Zabriskie, William C. Smith · 2021

Background Left-right asymmetries are a common feature of metazoan nervous systems. This is particularly pronounced in the comparatively simple larval central nervous system (CNS) of the tunicate Ciona , whose swimming tadpole larva shows …

A comprehensive research agenda for zero leprosy Open

Peter Steinmann, Courtenay Dusenbury, David G. Addiss, Fareed Mirza, William C. Smith · 2020

Leprosy post-exposure prophylaxis with single-dose rifampicin (LPEP): an international feasibility programme Open

Jan Hendrik Richardus, Anuj Tiwari, Tanja Barth‐Jaeggi, Mohammad Arif, Nand Lal Banstola , et al. · 2020

Visual processing and fold-change detection by the larva of the simple chordateCiona Open

Cezar Borba, Matthew J. Kourakis, Shea Schwennicke, Lorena Brasnic, William C. Smith · 2020

Visual processing transforms the complex visual world into useful information. Ciona , a close relative of vertebrates, has one of the simplest nervous systems known, yet has a range of visuomotor behaviors. Among them are negative photota…

Antagonistic Inhibitory Circuits Integrate Visual and Gravitactic Behaviors Open

Michaela Bostwick, Eleanor L. Smith, Cezar Borba, Erin Newman‐Smith, Iraa Guleria , et al. · 2020

Tunicate gastrulation Open

Konner Winkley, Matthew J. Kourakis, Anthony DeTomaso, Michael T. Veeman, William C. Smith · 2019

Parallel visual circuitry in a basal chordate Open

Matthew J. Kourakis, Cezar Borba, Angela Zhang, Erin Newman‐Smith, Priscilla Salas , et al. · 2019

A common CNS architecture is observed in all chordates, from vertebrates to basal chordates like the ascidian Ciona. Ciona stands apart among chordates in having a complete larval connectome. Starting with visuomotor circuits predicted by …

Author response: Parallel visual circuitry in a basal chordate Open

Matthew J. Kourakis, Cezar Borba, Angela Zhang, Erin Newman‐Smith, Priscilla Salas , et al. · 2019

Parallel Visual Circuitry in a Basal Chordate Open

Matthew J. Kourakis, Cezar Borba, Angela Zhang, Erin Newman‐Smith, Priscilla Salas , et al. · 2019

A common CNS architecture is observed in all chordates, from vertebrates to basal chordates like the ascidian Ciona . Currently Ciona stands apart among chordates in having a complete larval CNS connectome. Starting with visuomotor circuit…

Antagonistic Inhibitory Circuits Integrate Gravitactic and Visual Behaviors Open

Michaela Bostwick, Eleanor L. Smith, Cezar Borba, Erin Newman‐Smith, Iraa Guleria , et al. · 2019

An enhanced regimen as post-exposure chemoprophylaxis for leprosy: PEP++ Open

Liesbeth Mieras, Anneke T. Taal, Wim H. van Brakel, Emmanuelle Cambau, Paul Saunderson , et al. · 2018

The ongoing transmission of Mycobacterium (M.) leprae reflected in a very slow decline in leprosy incidence, forces us to be innovative and conduct cutting-edge research. Single dose rifampicin (SDR) as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for …

Three common misinterpretations of the COLEP trial Open

Jan Hendrik Richardus, William C. Smith · 2018

Photoreceptor specialization and the visuomotor repertoire of the primitive chordate Ciona Open

Priscilla Salas, Vall Vinaithirthan, Erin Newman‐Smith, Matthew J. Kourakis, William C. Smith · 2018

The swimming tadpole larva of Ciona has one of the simplest central nervous systems known, with only 177 neurons. Despite its simplicity, the Ciona CNS shares common structure with the CNS of its close chordate relatives, the vertebrates. …

Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention in 78 Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics—United States, 2014–2015 Open

Emily McGinnis, Beth E. Meyerson, Elissa Meites, Mona Saraiya, Rebecca Griesse , et al. · 2017

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections cause approximately 30,700 cancers annually among US men and women, cervical cancer being the most common. Human papillomavirus vaccination is recommended routinely for US girls and boys at …

A microRNA-mRNA expression network during oral siphon regeneration in Ciona Open

Elijah J. Spina, Elmer Guzman, Hongjun Zhou, Kenneth S. Kosik, William C. Smith · 2017

Here we present a parallel study of mRNA and microRNA expression during oral siphon (OS) regeneration in Ciona robusta, and the derived network of their interactions. In the process of identifying 248 mRNAs and 15 microRNAs as differential…

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