Wolfgang Lenhard
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View article: Comparison of cNORM and LMS methods for estimating reference percentile curves from biometric data
Comparison of cNORM and LMS methods for estimating reference percentile curves from biometric data Open
Accurate reference curves for biometric measures are essential for population health monitoring and screening. The Lambda Mu Sigma Method (LMS) , introduced by Cole and Green, is widely used in public health for generating age-specific ref…
View article: Balancing Between Categorical and Dimensional Assessment in Short-Scale Construction Using Ant Colony Optimization
Balancing Between Categorical and Dimensional Assessment in Short-Scale Construction Using Ant Colony Optimization Open
Language proficiency assessment poses particular challenges for test developers in selecting items that allow for a clear assignment of individuals to language proficiency levels (categorical assessment), while at the same time providing a…
View article: Reading comprehension interventions in the German language
Reading comprehension interventions in the German language Open
Most meta-analyses of reading comprehension interventions are based on approaches in the English language. Since German differs from English regarding orthographic depth, effects might deviate when focusing on this language. The current me…
View article: Balancing Between Categorical and Dimensional Assessment in Short-Scale Construction Using Ant Colony Optimization
Balancing Between Categorical and Dimensional Assessment in Short-Scale Construction Using Ant Colony Optimization Open
Language proficiency assessment poses particular challenges for test developers in selecting items that allow for a clear assignment of individuals to language proficiency levels (categorical assessment), while at the same time providing a…
View article: Flexible Item Response Modeling for Timed Reading Comprehension Assessment
Flexible Item Response Modeling for Timed Reading Comprehension Assessment Open
While a rich methodology for analyzing response patterns for accuracy and time-on-task is at hand via Item Response Theory (IRT), tests with time cutoffs are so far harder to handle. Given that this test mode is widely applied, especially …
View article: Assessing vocabulary of bilingual German-Turkish preschool children
Assessing vocabulary of bilingual German-Turkish preschool children Open
The vocabulary of bilingual children is determined by various linguistic factors that develop depending on the language input and individual factors of these children. To understand vocabulary development and to be able to support these ch…
View article: Adaptation and Validation of the German Reading Comprehension Test ELFE II for Spanish
Adaptation and Validation of the German Reading Comprehension Test ELFE II for Spanish Open
The objective of this study is to present the process of adaptation and validation of the German reading comprehension test ELFE II ( Lenhard et al., 2017 ) for Spanish. Both languages exhibit comparable orthographic depth but differ in th…
View article: Differential Switch Costs in Typically Achieving Children and Children With Mathematical Difficulties
Differential Switch Costs in Typically Achieving Children and Children With Mathematical Difficulties Open
Children with mathematical difficulties need to spend more time than typically achieving children on solving even simple equations. Since these tasks already require a larger share of their cognitive resources, additional demands imposed b…
View article: Assessing inhibitory control in kindergarten children: Validity of integrating response accuracy and response latency
Assessing inhibitory control in kindergarten children: Validity of integrating response accuracy and response latency Open
Assessing inhibitory control in young children poses a challenge because of its rapid and non-linear development. This study examined the validity of integrating response accuracy and latency through a two-factor model, based on the data o…
View article: A tutorial on automatic post-stratification and weighting in conventional and regression-based norming of psychometric tests
A tutorial on automatic post-stratification and weighting in conventional and regression-based norming of psychometric tests Open
Norm scores are an essential source of information in individual diagnostics. Given the scope of the decisions this information may entail, establishing high-quality, representative norms is of tremendous importance in test construction. R…
View article: Beyond Human Boundaries: Exploring the Proficiency of AI Technology and its Potential in Psychometric Test Construction
Beyond Human Boundaries: Exploring the Proficiency of AI Technology and its Potential in Psychometric Test Construction Open
The substantial advancements in artificial intelligence, notably the Generative Pretrained Transformers exemplified by GPT4, have instigated comprehensive discussions on the potential and challenges of AI. Following on from research on aut…
View article: When biology takes over: TV formats like The Bachelor and The Bachelorette confirm evolutionary theories of partner selection
When biology takes over: TV formats like The Bachelor and The Bachelorette confirm evolutionary theories of partner selection Open
Introduction In this study, we investigated the impact of age on mate selection preferences in males and females, and explored how the formation and duration of committed relationships depend on the sex of the person making the selection. …
View article: Remote Testing of Reading Comprehension in 8-Year-Old Children: Mode and Setting Effects
Remote Testing of Reading Comprehension in 8-Year-Old Children: Mode and Setting Effects Open
Proctored remote testing of cognitive abilities in the private homes of test-takers is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to standard psychological assessments in test centers or classrooms. Because these tests are administered u…
View article: Reducing the Bias of Norm Scores in Non-Representative Samples: Weighting as an Adjunct to Continuous Norming Methods
Reducing the Bias of Norm Scores in Non-Representative Samples: Weighting as an Adjunct to Continuous Norming Methods Open
We investigated whether the accuracy of normed test scores derived from non-demographically representative samples can be improved by combining continuous norming methods with compensatory weighting of test results. To this end, we introdu…
View article: The Influence of Diagnostic Labels on the Evaluation of Students: a Multilevel Meta-Analysis
The Influence of Diagnostic Labels on the Evaluation of Students: a Multilevel Meta-Analysis Open
Research suggests that children suffering from different types of disorders (learning disorders, behavioral disorders, or intellectual disabilities) are sometimes evaluated differently simply due to the presence of a diagnostic label. We c…
View article: Using Accuracy and Response Times to Assess Inhibitory Control in Kindergarten Children: An Analysis with Explanatory Item Response Models
Using Accuracy and Response Times to Assess Inhibitory Control in Kindergarten Children: An Analysis with Explanatory Item Response Models Open
Inhibitory control is a core executive function that develops during childhood and is measured with tasks that require the inhibition of a dominant response. The current study examined the diagnostic value of using response accuracy and la…
View article: Mental imagery skill predicts adults’ reading performance
Mental imagery skill predicts adults’ reading performance Open
Mental imagery is foundational to human experience, lying at the heart of cognition and reading, however research has failed to conclusively investigate and demonstrate a link. Therefore, we conducted three studies measuring adults' readin…
View article: The Testing Effect in University Teaching: Using Multiple-Choice Testing to Promote Retention of Highly Retrievable Information
The Testing Effect in University Teaching: Using Multiple-Choice Testing to Promote Retention of Highly Retrievable Information Open
Background Retrieval practice promotes retention of learned information more than restudying the information. However, benefits of multiple-choice testing over restudying in real-world educational contexts and the role of practically relev…
View article: Here I sit, making men in my own image: how learning disorder labels affect teacher student’s expectancies
Here I sit, making men in my own image: how learning disorder labels affect teacher student’s expectancies Open
Teacher’s evaluation of students is sometimes negatively affected by diagnostic labels. We explored such negative effects caused by the labels “dyscalculia”, “dyslexia”, and “ADHD” in teacher students. In Experiment 1, we varied the presen…
View article: Modelling Norm Scores with the cNORM Package in R
Modelling Norm Scores with the cNORM Package in R Open
In this article, we explain and demonstrate how to model norm scores with the cNORM package in R. This package is designed specifically to determine norm scores when the latent ability to be measured covaries with age or other explanatory …
View article: Influences from working memory, word and sentence reading on passage comprehension and teacher ratings
Influences from working memory, word and sentence reading on passage comprehension and teacher ratings Open
Reading fluency is a major determinant of reading comprehension but depends on moderating factors such as auditory working memory (AWM), word recognition and sentence reading skills. We investigated how word and sentence reading skills rel…
View article: Improvement of Norm Score Quality via Regression-Based Continuous Norming
Improvement of Norm Score Quality via Regression-Based Continuous Norming Open
The interpretation of psychometric test results is usually based on norm scores. We compared semiparametric continuous norming (SPCN) with conventional norming methods by simulating results for test scales with different item numbers and d…
View article: Adaptive retrieval practice with <scp>multiple‐choice</scp> questions in the university classroom
Adaptive retrieval practice with <span>multiple‐choice</span> questions in the university classroom Open
Retrieval practice promotes retention more than restudying (i.e., the testing effect ) and is applied to many educational settings. However, little research has investigated means to enhance this effect in educational settings. Theoretical…
View article: Spelling Error Detection
Spelling Error Detection Open
The ability to spell words correctly is a key competence for educational and professional achievement. Economical procedures are essential to identifying children with spelling problems as early as possible. Given the strong evidence showi…
View article: Continuous norming of psychometric tests: A simulation study of parametric and semi-parametric approaches
Continuous norming of psychometric tests: A simulation study of parametric and semi-parametric approaches Open
Continuous norming methods have seldom been subjected to scientific review. In this simulation study, we compared parametric with semi-parametric continuous norming methods in psychometric tests by constructing a fictitious population mode…
View article: Interactive Elaborative Storytelling: Engaging Children as Storytellers to Foster Vocabulary
Interactive Elaborative Storytelling: Engaging Children as Storytellers to Foster Vocabulary Open
Positive effects of shared reading for children's language development are boosted by including instruction of word meanings and by increasing interactivity. The effects of engaging children as storytellers on vocabulary development have b…