Wouter Schram
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PV on façades: A financial, technical and environmental assessment Open
As roof space has become increasingly occupied, facades serve as an alternative for deploying PV, often in the form of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). In this study, a comprehensive analysis over multiple years of the value of in…
Government versus the people – The mismatch in value use to assess solar farms in the Netherlands Open
In energy projects, especially in controversial ones, two trajectories of assessment can be distinguished: a formal trajectory, embedded in the legal system, and an informal trajectory, residing in the public discourse. Often, there is a f…
Where are the citizens? Unravelling the lopsided nature of stakeholder participation in the Dutch regional energy transition Open
In the process towards achieving renewable energy systems, national governments increasingly make use of regional governance arrangements that aim to translate (supra-)national commitments into actual policies at the local level. In this a…
A Blockchain-Based Configuration for Balancing the Electricity Grid with Distributed Assets Open
This paper explores a future perspective to foster the provision of balancing services to the electricity grid by distributed assets. One recent test case, initiated by the Dutch Transmission System Operator (TSO), was to operate an Electr…
When the Sun goes down Open
Anthropogenic global warming poses a great challenge for our society and the earth's ecosystem, and this requires decisive action. Therefore, the focus of this PhD thesis is on two options that can potentially reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) e…
Review of Energy in the Built Environment Open
Urban environments can be key to sustainable energy in terms of driving innovation and action. Urban areas are responsible for a significant part of energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions. The share of greenhouse gas emissions …
On the Trade-Off Between Environmental and Economic Objectives in Community Energy Storage Operational Optimization Open
The need to limit climate change has led to policies that aim for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Often, a trade-off exists between reducing emissions and associated costs. In this article, a multi-objective optimization framewo…
Innovative Self-Consumption and Aggregation Concepts for PV Prosumers: Results of the PV-Prosumers4Grid Project Open
Electricity markets in Europe are changing in response to the implications of the ongoing energy transition from centralized to decentralized and renewable energy supply. The European Commission has put focus on enlarging the role of prosu…
Comparison of the Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potential of Energy Communities Open
In this research, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction potentials of electric vehicles, heat pumps, photovoltaic (PV) systems and batteries were determined in eight different countries: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the …
A Comparison of Households’ Energy Balance in Residential Smart Grid Pilots in the Netherlands Open
This paper presents an analysis that frames the impact of various smart grid technologies, with an objective to provide a transparent framework for residential smart grid demonstration projects based on predefined and clearly formulated ke…
Provision of Ancillary Services from an Aggregated Portfolio of Residential Heat Pumps on the Dutch Frequency Containment Reserve Market Open
This study investigates the technical and financial potential of an aggregation of residential heat pumps to deliver demand response (DR) services to the Dutch Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) market. To determine this potential, a quan…
On the Use of Average versus Marginal Emission Factors Open
In this paper, we propose using marginal emission factors instead of average emission factors for determining the impact of adding variable renewable electricity to the generation mix. Average emission factors assume constant emissions ove…
An Exploration of the Three-Layer Model Including Stakeholders, Markets and Technologies for Assessments of Residential Smart Grids Open
In this paper, a framework is presented for the evaluation of smart grid environment which is called the three-layer model. This three-layer model comprises three specific categories, or ‘layers’, namely, the stakeholder, market and techno…
Photovoltaic systems coupled with batteries that are optimally sized for household self-consumption: Assessment of peak shaving potential Open
As the share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix is increasing, new challenges arise regarding the grid integration. This research focuses on a solution for one of these challenges, namely the employment of batteries to address t…