Explanipedia

A cosmological case study of a tower of warm dark matter states: Nnaturalness Open

Saurabh Bansal, Subhajit Ghosh, Matthew Low, Yuhsin Tsai · 2025

In this work, we study the cosmological effects of a tower of warm dark matter states on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and on large-scale structure (LSS). For concreteness, we consider the Nnaturalness model, which is a proposed me…

Feebly Interacting Particles: FIPs at LHCb Open

J. Alimena, J. Boyd, Giacomo Cacciapaglia, A. Casais Vidal, X. Cid Vidal , et al. · 2025

With the establishment and maturation of the experimental programs searching for new physics with sizeable couplings at the LHC, there is an increasing interest in the broader particle and astrophysics community for exploring the physics o…

Boiling After the Dust Settles: Constraining First-Order Phase Transitions During Dark Energy Domination Open

Seth Koren, Yuhsin Tsai, Runqing Wang · 2025

A first-order phase transition could occur in the late universe when vacuum energy begins dominating the energy density ($z \lesssim 0.3$) and convert some latent heat into other forms such as invisible radiation. This generic possibility …

MATHUSLA: An External Long-Lived Particle Detector to Maximize the Discovery Potential of the HL-LHC Open

Bruce G. Aitken, C. Alpigiani, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, M.D. Baker, Kincso Balazs , et al. · 2025

We present the current status of the MATHUSLA (MAssive Timing Hodoscope for Ultra-Stable neutraL pArticles) long-lived particle (LLP) detector at the HL-LHC, covering the design, fabrication and installation at CERN Point 5. MATHUSLA40 is …

Conceptual Design Report for the MATHUSLA Long-Lived Particle Detector near CMS Open

Bruce G. Aitken, C. Alpigiani, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, M.D. Baker, Kincso Balazs , et al. · 2025

We present the Conceptual Design Report (CDR) for the MATHUSLA (MAssive Timing Hodoscope for Ultra-Stable neutraL pArticles) long-lived particle detector at the HL-LHC, covering the design, fabrication and installation at CERN Point 5. MAT…

Echoes of Self-Interacting Dark Matter from Binary Black Hole Mergers Open

Apu Banik, Jeong Han Kim, Jun Seung Pi, Yuhsin Tsai · 2025

Dark matter (DM) environments around black holes (BHs) can influence their mergers through dynamical friction, causing gravitational wave (GW) dephasing during the inspiral phase. While this effect is well studied for collisionless dark ma…

Light in the shadows: primordial black holes making dark matter shine Open

Kaustubh Agashe, Manuel A. Buen-Abad, Jae Hyeok Chang, Steven J. Clark, Bhaskar Dutta , et al. · 2025

Dark matter-radiation scattering enhances CMB phase shift through dark matter-loading Open

Subhajit Ghosh, Daven Wei Ren Ho, Yuhsin Tsai · 2025

A phase shift in the acoustic oscillations of cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectra is a characteristic signature for the presence of non-photon radiation propagating differently from photons, even when the radiation couples to the Sta…

The Sound of Dark Sectors in Pulsar Timing Arrays Open

Apu Banik, Yanou Cui, Yu-Dai Tsai, Yuhsin Tsai · 2024

A phase transition in the dark sector (DS) presents a promising explanation for the stochastic gravitational wave (GW) signals detected in recent observations by Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs). Instead of focusing solely on fitting data with …

Detector-size upper bounds on dark hadron lifetime from cosmology Open

Lingfeng Li, Yuhsin Tsai · 2024

We show that in a confining hidden valley model where the lightest hidden particles are dark hadrons that have mass splittings larger than \$ \\mathcal{O}(0.1) \$ GeV, if the lightest dark hadron is either stable or decays i…

Finite Bubble Statistics Constrain Late Cosmological Phase Transitions Open

Gilly Elor, Ryusuke Jinno, Soubhik Kumar, Robert McGehee, Yuhsin Tsai · 2024

We consider first order cosmological phase transitions (PTs) happening at late times below standard model temperatures TPT≲GeV. The inherently stochastic nature of bubble nucleation and the finite number of bubbles associated with a late-t…

Hawking radiation of nonrelativistic scalars: applications to pion and axion production Open

Haoran Cui, Yuhsin Tsai, Tao Xu · 2024

A bstract In studying secondary gamma-ray emissions from Primordial Black Holes (PBHs), the production of scalar particles like pions and axion-like particles (ALPs) via Hawking radiation is crucial. While previous analyses assumed relativ…

Observable CMB B-modes from Cosmological Phase Transitions Open

Kylar Greene, Aurora Ireland, Gordan Krnjaic, Yuhsin Tsai · 2024

A B-mode polarization signal in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is widely regarded as smoking gun evidence for gravitational waves produced during inflation. Here we demonstrate that tensor perturbations from a cosmological phase tra…

Biomarker potential of nuclear Nrf2 activation in the ABC subtype of diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma Open

Chin‐Mu Hsu, Shih‐Yu Kao, Chia‐Hung Yen, Chi‐En Hsiao, Shih‐Feng Cho , et al. · 2024

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma characterized by distinct subtypes and heterogeneous treatment outcomes. Oxidative stress and the dysregulation of related regulatory genes are prevalent in DLBCL, prom…

A cosmological case study of a tower of warm dark matter states: $N$naturalness Open

Saurabh Bansal, Subhajit Ghosh, Matthew Low, Yuhsin Tsai · 2024

In this work, we study the cosmological effects of a tower of warm dark matter states on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and on large-scale structure (LSS). For concreteness, we consider the $N$naturalness model, which is a proposed …

Hawking Radiation of Nonrelativistic Scalars: Applications to Pion and Axion Production Open

Haoran Cui, Yuhsin Tsai, Tao Xu · 2024

In studying secondary gamma-ray emissions from Primordial Black Holes (PBHs), the production of scalar particles like pions and axion-like particles (ALPs) via Hawking radiation is crucial. While previous analyses assumed relativistic prod…

Dark Matter-Radiation Scattering Enhances CMB Phase Shift through Dark Matter-loading Open

Subhajit Ghosh, Daven Wei Ren Ho, Yuhsin Tsai · 2024

A phase shift in the acoustic oscillations of CMB spectra is a characteristic signature for the presence of non-photon radiation propagating differently from photons, even when the radiation couples to SM particles solely gravitationally. …

Challenges in interpreting the NANOGrav 15-year dataset as early Universe gravitational waves produced by an ALP induced instability Open

Michael Geller, Subhajit Ghosh, S. Q. Lu, Yuhsin Tsai · 2024

In this paper, we study a possible early universe source for the recent observation of a stochastic gravitational wave background at the NANOGrav pulsar timing array. The source is a tachyonic instability in a dark gauge field induced by a…

Finite Bubble Statistics Constrain Late Cosmological Phase Transitions Open

Gilly Elor, Ryusuke Jinno, Soubhik Kumar, Robert McGehee, Yuhsin Tsai · 2023

We consider first order cosmological phase transitions (PT) happening at late times, below Standard Model (SM) temperatures $T_{\rm PT} \lesssim$ GeV. The inherently stochastic nature of bubble nucleation and the finite number of bubbles a…

Precision cosmological constraints on atomic dark matter Open

Saurabh Bansal, J. P. Barron, David Curtin, Yuhsin Tsai · 2023

A bstract Atomic dark matter is a simple but highly theoretically motivated possibility for an interacting dark sector that could constitute some or all of dark matter. We perform a comprehensive study of precision cosmological observables…

Unraveling cosmological anisotropies within stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds Open

Yanou Cui, Soubhik Kumar, Raman Sundrum, Yuhsin Tsai · 2023

Identifying the anisotropies in a cosmologically sourced stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) would be of significance in shedding light on the nature of primordial inhomogeneities. For example, if SGWB carries isocurvature fluc…

Probing cosmological particle production and pairwise hotspots with deep neural networks Open

Taegyun Kim, Jeong Han Kim, Soubhik Kumar, A. Martin, Moritz Münchmeyer , et al. · 2023

Particles with masses much larger than the inflationary Hubble scale, ${H}_{I}$, can be pair-produced nonadiabatically during inflation. Due to their large masses, the produced particles modify the curvature perturbation around their locat…

High G9a Expression in DLBCL and Its Inhibition by Niclosamide to Induce Autophagy as a Therapeutic Approach Open

Chin‐Mu Hsu, Kung‐Chao Chang, Tzer‐Ming Chuang, Man‐Ling Chu, Pei‐Wen Lin , et al. · 2023

Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a malignant lymphoid tumor disease that is characterized by heterogeneity, but current treatment does not benefit all patients, which highlights the need to identify oncogenic genes and …

Unraveling Cosmological Anisotropies within Stochastic Gravitational Wave Backgrounds Open

Yanou Cui, Soubhik Kumar, Raman Sundrum, Yuhsin Tsai · 2023

Identifying the anisotropies in a cosmologically sourced stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) would be of significance in shedding light on the nature of primordial inhomogeneities. For example, if SGWB carries isocurvature fluc…

Detecting axionlike particles with primordial black holes Open

Kaustubh Agashe, Jae Hyeok Chang, Steven J. Clark, Bhaskar Dutta, Yuhsin Tsai , et al. · 2023

Future gamma-ray experiments, such as the e-ASTROGAM and AMEGO telescopes, can detect the Hawking radiation of photons from primordial black holes (PBHs) if they make up a fraction or all of dark matter. PBHs can analogously also Hawking r…

Challenges in Interpreting the NANOGrav 15-Year Data Set as Early Universe Gravitational Waves Produced by ALP Induced Instability Open

Michael Geller, Subhajit Ghosh, S. Q. Lu, Yuhsin Tsai · 2023

In this paper, we study a possible early universe source for the recent observation of a stochastic gravitational wave background at the NANOGrav pulsar timing array. The source is a tachyonic instability in a dark gauge field induced by a…

Displaced lepton jet signatures from self-interacting dark matter bound states Open

Yuhsin Tsai, Tao Xu, Hai-Bo Yu · 2023

We study self-interacting dark matter signatures at the Large Hadron Collider. A light dark photon, mediating dark matter self-interactions, can bind dark matter particles to form a bound state when they are produced via a heavy pseduoscal…

Exploring Mirror Twin Higgs Cosmology with Present and Future Weak Lensing Surveys Open

Lei Zu, Chi Zhang, Hou-Zun Chen, Wei Wang, Yue-Lin Sming Tsai , et al. · 2023

We explore the potential of precision cosmological data to study non-minimal dark sectors by updating the cosmological constraint on the mirror twin Higgs model (MTH). The MTH model addresses the Higgs little hierarchy problem by introduci…

Probing Cosmological Particle Production and Pairwise Hotspots with Deep Neural Networks Open

Taegyun Kim, Jeong Han Kim, Soubhik Kumar, A. Martin, Moritz Münchmeyer , et al. · 2023

Particles with masses much larger than the inflationary Hubble scale, $H_I$, can be pair-produced non-adiabatically during inflation. Due to their large masses, the produced particles modify the curvature perturbation around their location…

Improved cosmological constraints on the neutrino mass and lifetime Open

Guillermo Franco Abellán, Zackaria Chacko, Abhish Dev, Peizhi Du, Vivian Poulin , et al. · 2023

We present cosmological constraints on the sum of neutrino masses as a function of the neutrino lifetime, in a framework in which neutrinos decay into dark radiation after becoming non-relativistic. We find that in this regime the cosmic m…

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