Fixed cost ≈ Fixed cost
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Do Increasing Markups Matter? Lessons from Empirical Industrial Organization Open
This article considers the recent literature on firm markups in light of both new and classic work in the field of industrial organization. We detail the shortcomings of papers that rely on discredited approaches from the “structure-conduc…
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The levelized cost of energy and modifications for use in electricity generation planning Open
The Levelized Costs of Energy/Electricity (LCOE) is widely used to compare different power generation technologies by considering the various fixed and variable costs as a single cost metric. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) measur…
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Market Power and Innovation in the Intangible Economy Open
Productivity growth has stagnated over the past decade. This paper argues that the rise of intangible inputs (such as information technology) can cause a slowdown of growth through the effect it has on production and competition. I hypothe…
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Cost of decentralized <span>CAR</span> T‐cell production in an academic nonprofit setting Open
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy is a promising immunotherapy with high acquisition costs, and it has raised concerns about affordability and sustainability in many countries. Furthermore, the current centralized production p…
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Fuzzy-rough multi-objective product blending fixed-charge transportation problem with truck load constraints through transfer station Open
In this contribution, for the first time, an efficient model of multi-objective product blending fixed-charge transportation problem with truck load constraints through transfer station is formulated. Transfer station inserts transfer cost…
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Selection Effects with Heterogeneous Firms Open
We characterize how firms select between alternative ways of serving a market. “First-order” selection effects, whether firms enter or not, are extremely robust. “Second-order” ones, how firms serve a market conditional on entry, are much …
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Operational cost and user performance analysis of on-demand bus and taxi systems Open
This paper presents the optimization problem of three different on-demand transit systems operated by vehicles of different sizes. This problem is aimed at minimizing the total cost of the system, which consists of the temporal cost experi…
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A simple heuristic for perishable item inventory control under non-stationary stochastic demand Open
In this paper, we study the single-item single-stocking location non-stationary stochastic lot sizing problem for a perishable product. We consider fixed and proportional ordering cost, holding cost and penalty cost. The item features a li…
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Cost Comparison between Digital Management and Traditional Management of Cotton Fields—Evidence from Cotton Fields in Xinjiang, China Open
Cotton, as an important cash crop and strategic material, is widely planted in Xinjiang, China. In the traditional way, the management of the cotton field is extensive and the cost is huge. This paper analyzed the economic benefits and the…
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COST ACCOUNTING IN GREEK HOTEL ENTERPRISES: AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH Open
The purpose of this paper is to provide insights of the Greek Hotel Industry practices in the field of Cost Accounting. To this end, a survey was conducted with 85 firms of the Greek hotel sector with the use of questionnaires. Results sho…
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COST, CONTEXT, AND DECISIONS IN HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT Open
Objectives: This study is an attempt to demystify and clarify the idea of cost in health economics and health technology assessment (HTA). Methods: Its method draws on standard concepts in economics. Cost is a more elusive concept than is …
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Recovery of Utility Fixed Costs: Utility, Consumer, Environmental and Economist Perspectives Open
Utilities recover costs for providing electric service to retail customers through a combination of rate components that together comprise customers’ monthly electric bills. Rates and rate designs are set by state regulators and vary by ju…
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Analisis Penerapan Metode Full Costing Dalam Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Untuk Penetapan Harga Jual Open
Lemari Syukur Factory is a home industry that produces wardrobe cabinets. It determines selling price based estimation which is inappropriate. The main issue is that the company does not possess proper cost classification system in determi…
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Costs of streamlined HIV care delivery in rural Ugandan and Kenyan clinics in the SEARCH Study Open
In the SEARCH Study, streamlined HIV care delivery costs were similar to or lower than prior estimates despite including viral load testing; further optimizations could substantially reduce costs further. These data can inform global strat…
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A logistics cost function with explicit transport costs Open
With a view to construct a new framework to assess the benefits of freight transport improvements, an Economic Order Quantity model with uncertain lead time demand is equipped with detailed transport costs. The problem is to minimise total…
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Eligibility, experience rating, and unemployment insurance take‐up Open
In this paper, we investigate the causes and consequences of “unclaimed” unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. A search model is developed where the costs to collecting UI benefits include both a traditional “fixed” administrative cost and…
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EVALUATION OF COSTS OF HARVESTER IN CUT AND PROCESSING OF EUCALYPTUS WOOD1 Open
Before performing any financial analysis costs must be calculated. These costs should allow the planning and control over the use of the machines as well as the comparison between different investments alternatives since this is easily cal…
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Strategic Capacity Planning Problems in Revenue‐Sharing Joint Ventures Open
We study strategic capacity investment problems in joint ventures (JVs) with fixed‐rate revenue‐sharing contracts. We adopt a game‐theoretical approach to study two types of JVs depending on how individual resources determine the effective…
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Development of a calculation model and production cost index for feedlot beef cattle Open
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Markups, quality, and trade costs Open
This paper examines how trade costs induced by geographic distance or bilateral tariffs impact the markups of exports differentiated by quality. It relies on a data set that combines Argentinean firm-level wine exports with experts’ wine r…
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Relating Product Prices to Long‐Run Marginal Cost: Evidence from Solar Photovoltaic Modules Open
A basic tenet of microeconomics is that for a competitive industry in equilibrium the market price of a product will be equal to its marginal cost. This paper develops a model framework and a corresponding empirical inference procedure for…
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Development of a Swine Production Cost Calculation Model Open
This paper aims to present a tool that offers pig producers a standard method to calculate and control their production costs and, consequently, provides the necessary information to guide strategic decision-making. Following these premise…
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Assessing the costs of ozone pollution in India for wheat producers, consumers, and government food welfare policies Open
We assess wheat yield losses occurring due to ozone pollution in India and its economic burden on producers, consumers, and the government. Applying an ozone flux–based risk assessment, we show that ambient ozone levels caused a mean 14.18…
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An Exact Algorithm for a Rich Vehicle Routing Problem with Private Fleet and Common Carrier Open
The vehicle routing problem with private fleet and common carrier (VRPPC) is a generalization of the classical vehicle routing problem in which the owner of a private fleet can either visit a customer with one of the owner’s vehicles or as…
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Inventory Management, Product Quality, and Cross‑Country Income Differences Open
Previous research has documented that export shipments are “lumpy”— exporters make infrequent and relatively large shipments to any given export destination. This fact has been interpreted as implying that fixed, per shipment cost and inve…
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Vehicle selection model with respect to Economic Order Quantity Open
The matter of vehicle selection, optimizing the order quantity or optimizing logistics costs is extensively discussed in both Polish and foreign literature. In numerous publications, the necessity of decision making in transport or in othe…
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Economic and social structures of water buffalo farming in Muş province of Turkey Open
The purpose of this study was to analyse the socio-economic structure of water buffalo farming in the province of Muş, in Turkey. The stratified sampling method was used to calculate sample size of buffalo farms in the Central, Korkut, and…
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Entry mode selection for a new entrant of the electric vehicle automaker Open
Firms are increasingly joining the electric vehicle industry and facing the prospect of how to recycle spent power batteries. This study considers two competing automakers, the incumbent and the new entrant. The incumbent has a stable forw…
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Feeder Transit Services in Different Development Stages of Automated Buses: Comparing Fixed Routes versus Door-to-Door Trips Open
The arrival of automated vehicles could significantly reduce the operating cost of mobility services. This fact has encouraged researchers to propose door-to-door services instead of the current fixed routes. However, a comparison between …
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Bargaining approach for efficiency assessment and target setting with fixed-sum variables Open
There are many Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) applications in which an input or output variable is such that the total amount for all the units in the sample is fixed. In this paper, such situations are modelled as a bargaining problem in…