Unreinforced masonry building
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Common structural and construction deficiencies of Nepalese buildings Open
This paper outlines the common observed failure patterns in the buildings of Nepal after MW 7.8 Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake. Several types of damage patterns were observed for reinforced concrete buildings, as well as for unreinforced masonr…
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Discrete element modeling of masonry structures: Validation and application Open
The failure mechanism and maximum collapse load of masonry structures may change significantly under static and dynamic excitations depending on their internal arrangement and material properties. Hence, it is important to understand corre…
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In-plane behavior of cavity masonry infills and strengthening with textile reinforced mortar Open
The seismic vulnerability of masonry infilled reinforced concrete (rc) frames observed during past earthquakes in some south European countries resulted in losses of human lives and huge repair or reconstruction costs, justifies the need o…
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State of the art of simplified analytical methods for seismic vulnerability assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings Open
Cities in the developing world are facing outstanding economic and human losses caused by natural hazards such as earthquakes, and the amount of losses is affected by the quality of preventive measures and emergency management. For this re…
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Stochastic Vulnerability Assessment of Masonry Structures: Concepts, Modeling and Restoration Aspects Open
A methodology aiming to predict the vulnerability of masonry structures under seismic action is presented herein. Masonry structures, among which many are cultural heritage assets, present high vulnerability under earthquake. Reliable simu…
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Discrete Element Modeling of the Seismic Behavior of Masonry Construction Open
Discrete element models are a powerful tool for the analysis of masonry, given their ability to represent the discontinuous nature of these structures, and to simulate the most common deformation and failure modes. In particular, discrete …
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Strengthening/Retrofitting Techniques on Unreinforced Masonry Structure/Element Subjected to Seismic Loads: A Literature Review Open
Masonry structures commonly exist in reality and still are popular all over the world. It has been reported and studied that these buildings are vulnerable to strong external loadings imposed by earthquake, strong wind, blast etc . In the …
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2015 Nepal earthquake: seismic performance and post-earthquake reconstruction of stone in mud mortar masonry buildings Open
The residential building typology of Stone in Mud Mortar (SMM) masonry contributed significantly to the seismic losses caused by the 2015 Nepalese seismic sequence, also known as the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. SMM masonry is the most common c…
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Advanced numerical strategies for seismic assessment of historical masonry aggregates Open
Recent seismic events in Italy have emphasized the high vulnerability of masonry buildings in historical centers, which were generally erected in continuity to each other over time, resulting in aggregates of constructions. The study of th…
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A three‐dimensional macroelement for modelling the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane response of masonry walls Open
Summary The seismic performance of unreinforced masonry buildings is commonly assessed using equivalent frame modelling. Its computational efficiency allows for a large number of analyses to be conducted, which are often required to accoun…
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Pushover analysis of unreinforced irregular masonry buildings: Lessons from different modeling approaches Open
The present paper addresses the seismic performance of a half-scale two-story unreinforced masonry (URM) building with structural irregularity in plan and in elevation. The main objectives are (i) to understand the seismic response of URM …
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Multiscale Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Retrofit of Existing Masonry Buildings Open
The growing concern about the protection of built heritage and the sustainability of urban areas has driven the reoccupation of existing masonry buildings, which, in the great majority of the cases, were not designed or constructed to with…
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Seismic upgrading of existing masonry structures: A state-of-the-art review Open
This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on the available seismic upgrading techniques of existing masonry structures, which comprise a very common structural material including most of the surviving historic structures worldwide. Due…
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Building typologies and failure modes observed in the 2015 Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake Open
Nepal is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world, and at the same time is one of the most economically deprived. On 25 April 2015 mid-western Nepal was hit by the devastating Gorkha earthquake measuring Mw 7.8 with the epic…
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Damage survey, simplified assessment, and advanced seismic analyses of two masonry churches after the 2012 Emilia earthquake Open
Recent Italian earthquakes (L’Aquila 2009, Emilia 2012, Central Italy 2016–2017) have shown the high vulnerability of existing and historical masonry constructions to seismic actions. This article investigates the damage distribution and t…
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Seismic Vulnerability of Historical Masonry Aggregate Buildings in Oriental Sicily Open
The seismic vulnerability assessment of historical UnReinforced Masonry (URM) buildings is a very complex task since it is strongly related to a great variety both of geometrical layouts and of masonry mechanical characteristics. In this a…
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Effectiveness of FRCM Reinforcement Applied to Masonry Walls Subject to Axial Force and Out-Of-Plane Loads Evaluated by Experimental and Numerical Studies Open
An experimental campaign and a numerical analysis devoted to the investigation of the out-of-plane behavior of masonry walls reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) are presented here. The main goal of this study is to …
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Influence of boundary conditions on the out‐of‐plane response of brick masonry walls in buildings with RC slabs Open
Summary In modern unreinforced masonry buildings with stiff RC slabs, walls of the top floor are most susceptible to out‐of‐plane failure. The out‐of‐plane response depends not only on the acceleration demand and wall geometry but also on …
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Full‐scale shake‐table tests on two unreinforced masonry cavity‐wall buildings: effect of an innovative timber retrofit Open
Two full-scale building specimens were tested on the shake-table at the EUCENTRE Foundation laboratories in Pavia (Italy), to assess the effectiveness of an innovative timber retrofit solution, within a comprehensive research campaign on t…
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The Mw5.4 Zagreb (Croatia) earthquake of March 22, 2020: impacts and response Open
This paper highlights the principal features of the M w 5.4 Zagreb earthquake. Located within the city limits at a depth of 10 km, the earthquake generated a peak ground acceleration of more than 0.2 g and a maximum spectral acceleration o…
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Methods and Approaches for Blind Test Predictions of Out-of-Plane Behavior of Masonry Walls: A Numerical Comparative Study Open
Earthquakes cause severe damage to masonry structures due to inertial forces acting in the normal direction to the plane of the walls. The out-of-plane behavior of masonry walls is complex and depends on several parameters, such as materia…
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Out-of-Plane Seismic Response of Unreinforced Masonry Walls: Conceptual Discussion, Research Needs, and Modeling Issues Open
Modeling unreinforced masonry walls, subjected to seismic loads applied normal to their plane, has received much attention in the past. Yet, there is a general lack of conformance with regard to what aspects of seismic response a computati…
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Advanced numerical insights for an effective seismic assessment of historical masonry aggregates Open
The structural assessment of ancient masonry structures is still a challenging task. The main reasons have been related to the shortage of information in the materials’ characterization along with the complex geometry and different evoluti…
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Nonlinear Modelling of Curved Masonry Structures after Seismic Retrofit through FRP Reinforcing Open
A reliable numerical evaluation of the nonlinear behaviour of historical masonry structures, before and after a seismic retrofitting, is a fundamental issue in the design of the structural retrofitting. Many strengthening techniques have b…
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Damage Probability Matrices and Empirical Fragility Curves From Damage Data on Masonry Buildings After Sarpol-e-zahab and Bam Earthquakes of Iran Open
The weakness of tensile strength and high weight in masonry structures under the dynamic loads of earthquakes has always led to structural damage, financial losses, injuries, and deaths. In spite of cheap and affordable masonry materials, …
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Benchmarking the software packages to model and assess the seismic response of unreinforced masonry existing buildings through nonlinear static analyses Open
Seismic modelling of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings is addressed worldwide according to different approaches, not only at research level, but also in the current engineering practice. The analysts have so many different possible choi…
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Blast response of clay brick masonry unit walls unreinforced and reinforced with polyurea elastomer Open
Clay brick masonry unit (CBMU) walls are widely used in building structures, and its damage and protection under explosion loads have been a matter of concern in the field of engineering protection. In this paper, a series of full-scale ex…
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Fiber Reinforced Polymer Strengthening of Structures by Near-Surface Mounting Method Open
This paper provides a critical review of recent studies on strengthening of reinforced concrete and unreinforced masonry (URM) structures by fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) through near-surface mounting (NSM) method. The use of NSM-FRP has…
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Comparative experimental analysis on the in-plane shear performance of brick masonry walls strengthened with different fiber reinforced materials Open
Masonry structures are very vulnerable during earthquakes, and masonry walls, as the main load-bearing members, are susceptible to in-plane shear generated by earthquakes. In order to compare the shear performance of masonry walls strength…
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Effects of size and position of openings on in-plane capacity of unreinforced masonry walls Open
In recent earthquakes, unreinforced masonry (URM) structures built of masonry walls containing openings such as doors and windows have been shown to have poor seismic capacity. However, although different sizes and positions of openings ar…