Grammatical gender ≈ Grammatical gender
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Counterfactual Data Augmentation for Mitigating Gender Stereotypes in Languages with Rich Morphology Open
Gender stereotypes are manifest in most of the world's languages and are consequently propagated or amplified by NLP systems. Although research has focused on mitigating gender stereotypes in English, the approaches that are commonly emplo…
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Getting Gender Right in Neural Machine Translation Open
Speakers of different languages must attend to and encode strikingly different aspects of the world in order to use their language correctly (Sapir, 1921; Slobin, 1996). One such difference is related to the way gender is expressed in a la…
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A typology of northwestern Bantu gender systems Open
Northwestern Bantu is the most linguistically diverse area of the Bantu-speaking world. Several unusual grammatical gender systems are reported for this area, but there has been a lack of comprehensive comparative studies. This article is …
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Reducing a Male Bias in Language? Establishing the Efficiency of Three Different Gender-Fair Language Strategies Open
Different strategies of gender-fair language have been applied to reduce a male bias, which means the implicit belief that a word describing an undefined person describes a man. This male bias might be caused by the words themselves in ter…
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Experience with code-switching modulates the use of grammatical gender during sentence processing Open
Using code-switching as a tool to illustrate how language experience modulates comprehension, the visual world paradigm was employed to examine the extent to which gender-marked Spanish determiners facilitate upcoming target nouns in a gro…
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A Language Index of Grammatical Gender Dimensions to Study the Impact of Grammatical Gender on the Way We Perceive Women and Men Open
Psycholinguistic investigations of the way readers and speakers perceive gender have shown several biases associated with how gender is linguistically realized in language. Although such variations across languages offer interesting ground…
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ChatGPT Perpetuates Gender Bias in Machine Translation and Ignores Non-Gendered Pronouns: Findings across Bengali and Five other Low-Resource Languages Open
In this multicultural age, language translation is one of the most performed tasks, and it is becoming increasingly AI-moderated and automated. As a novel AI system, ChatGPT claims to be proficient in machine translation tasks and in this …
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Revisiting Masculine and Feminine Grammatical Gender in Spanish: Linguistic, Psycholinguistic, and Neurolinguistic Evidence Open
Research on grammatical gender processing has generally assumed that grammatical gender can be treated as a uniform construct, resulting in a body of literature in which different gender classes are collapsed into single analysis. The pres…
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Language Contact and Gender in Tetun Dili: What Happens When Austronesian Meets Romance? Open
Tetun Dili is an Austronesian language and one of the two official languages in Timor-Leste, alongside Portuguese with which it has been in contact for centuries. In this detailed study, we describe various aspects of gender in Tetun Dili,…
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Syntactic and cognitive issues in investigating gendered coreference Open
This paper presents a framework for how the multifaceted nature of “gender” (human and linguistic) interacts with grammatical operations such as coreference dependency formation. It frames the question through the lens of English, in which…
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Internal and External Factors in Heritage Language Acquisition: Evidence From Heritage Russian in Israel, Germany, Norway, Latvia and the United Kingdom Open
In this paper, we consider elicited production data (real and nonce words tasks) from five different studies on the acquisition of grammatical gender in Heritage Russian, comparing children growing up in Germany, Israel, Norway, Latvia, an…
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A Review on Grammatical Gender Agreement in Speech Production Open
Grammatical gender agreement has been well addressed in language comprehension but less so in language production. The present article discusses the arguments derived from the most prominent language production models on the representation…
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Grammatical Gender in German Influences How Role-Nouns Are Interpreted: Evidence from ERPs Open
Grammatically masculine role-nouns (e.g., Studentenmasc.'students') can refer to men and women but may favor an interpretation where only men are considered the referent. If true, this has implications for a society aiming to achieve equal…
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Unmasking Contextual Stereotypes: Measuring and Mitigating BERT's Gender Bias Open
Contextualized word embeddings have been replacing standard embeddings as the representational knowledge source of choice in NLP systems. Since a variety of biases have previously been found in standard word embeddings, it is crucial to as…
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Acquiring an opaque gender system in Irish, an endangered indigenous language Open
An in-depth examination of the acquisition of grammatical gender has not previously been conducted for Irish, an endangered indigenous language now typically acquired simultaneously with English, or as L2. Children acquiring Irish must con…
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Gender Agreement and Assignment in Spanish Heritage Speakers: Does Frequency Matter? Open
Gender has been extensively studied in Spanish heritage speakers. However, lexical frequency effects have yet to be explored in depth. This study aimed to uncover the extent to which lexical frequency affects the acquisition of gender assi…
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Lexical prediction in language comprehension: a replication study of grammatical gender effects in Dutch Open
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Pluri-Grammars for Pluri-Genders: Competing Gender Systems in the Nominal Morphology of Non-Binary French Open
Although much has been written in recent years on the emergence of non-binary English linguistic innovations, comparatively little has been written on non-binary French forms, especially neo-morphemes marking non-binary gender on nouns. As…
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Bilinguals’ Sensitivity to Grammatical Gender Cues in Russian: The Role of Cumulative Input, Proficiency, and Dominance Open
This paper reports on an experimental study investigating the acquisition of grammatical gender in Russian by heritage speakers living in Norway. The participants are 54 Norwegian-Russian bilingual children (4;0-10;2) as well as 107 Russia…
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Morphological variability in second language learners: An examination of electrophysiological and production data. Open
We examined sources of morphological variability in second language (L2) learners of Spanish whose native language (L1) is English, with a focus on L1-L2 similarity, morphological markedness, and knowledge type (receptive vs. expressive). …
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Plural Gender : Behavioral evidence for plural as a value of Cushitic gender with reference to Konso Open
Konso, a Cushitic language of Ethiopia, is said to have a third value for gender besides masculine and feminine. This property has given rise to two competing analyses of this third class: as a gender (a plural gender) similar to masculine…
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Mitigating Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing: Literature Review Open
As Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML) tools rise in popularity, it becomes increasingly vital to recognize the role they play in shaping societal biases and stereotypes. Although NLP models have shown success in mo…
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Gender in Danger? Evaluating Speech Translation Technology on the MuST-SHE Corpus Open
Translating from languages without productive grammatical gender like English into gender-marked languages is a well-known difficulty for machines. This difficulty is also due to the fact that the training data on which models are built ty…
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Gender diversity and morphosyntax: An account of singular <i>they</i> Open
As one of the primary means of constructing gendered identities, language is a matter of central concern to transgender people (Zimman 2018). In this paper, we present an analysis of non-binary singular they; that is, they as used to refer…
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The representation of asymmetric grammatical gender systems in the bilingual mental lexicon Open
Previous research has led to conflicting notions of the representation of L1 and L2 grammatical gender systems in the mental lexicon: under the
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How Fair is Gender-Fair Language? Insights from Gender Ratio Estimations in French Open
Heated societal debates in various countries concern the use of gender-fair language, meant to replace the generic use of grammatically masculine forms. Advocates and opponents of gender-fair language disagree on – among other things – the…
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Grammatical Gender Influences Semantic Categorization and Implicit Cognition in Polish Open
Wpływ rodzaju gramatycznego na procesy poznawcze jest ważnym zagadnieniem we współczesnej psycholingwistyce i psychologii języka, szczególnie w badaniach dotyczących relacji między gramatyką a semantyką. Zakres tego wpływu jest uzależniony…
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A Causal Inference Method for Reducing Gender Bias in Word Embedding Relations Open
Word embedding has become essential for natural language processing as it boosts empirical performances of various tasks. However, recent research discovers that gender bias is incorporated in neural word embeddings, and downstream tasks t…
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Gender Lender: Noun Borrowings between Jingulu and Mudburra in Northern Australia Open
This paper explores borrowing of nouns between two unrelated Australian languages with a long history of contact: Mudburra, a language with no grammatical gender, and Jingulu, which has four genders and super-classing. Unusually, this case…
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The Social Perception of Heroes and Murderers: Effects of Gender-Inclusive Language in Media Reports Open
The way media depict women and men can reinforce or diminish gender stereotyping. Which part does language play in this context? Are roles perceived as more gender-balanced when feminine role nouns are used in addition to masculine ones? R…