Tier 1 network ≈ Tier 1 network
View article: Local biophysical effects of land use and land cover change: towards an assessment tool for policy makers
Local biophysical effects of land use and land cover change: towards an assessment tool for policy makers Open
Land use and land cover change (LULCC) affects the climate through both biogeochemical (BGC) and biophysical (BPH) mechanisms. While BGC effects are assessed at global scale and are at the heart of climate treaties such as the Paris Agreem…
View article
Managing extended supply chains Open
We address how to manage extended supply chains that lie beyond the first‐tier suppliers. The first‐tier suppliers have their suppliers who provide them with goods or services. While lower‐tier suppliers are often not an explicit concern o…
View article
What attracts young talents? Understanding the migration intention of university students to first-tier cities in China Open
In recent years, China has witnessed fierce competition for talents among cities. There is evidence that China's first-tier cities are losing their appeal for young talents due to the soaring housing prices and high living costs in first-t…
View article
Development and Validation of a Four-Tier Diagnostic Instrument for Chemical Kinetics (FTDICK) Open
The present study outlines the development and validation of a four-tier diagnostic instrument to explore first year undergraduate students’ understanding of chemical kinetics (FTDICK). The four-tier instrument is a recent format and has b…
View article
Physical Internet: First results and next challenges Open
International audience
View article
Validation of Lower Tier Exposure Tools Used for REACH: Comparison of Tools Estimates With Available Exposure Measurements Open
This is the most comprehensive evaluation of the performance of REACH exposure tools carried out to date. The results show that, although generally conservative, the tools may not always achieve the performance specified in the REACH guida…
View article
Effects of a 3-Tier Pharmacy Benefit Design on the Prescription Purchasing Behavior of Individuals With Chronic Disease Open
Funding for this research was provided by Merck and Company through the Academic Medicine and Managed Care Forum and was obtained by authors Kavita V. Nair, Robert J. Valuck, Pamela Wolfe, Julie M. Ganther, and Marianne M. McCollum. Nair s…
View article
Fostering firms' ability to cascade sustainability through multi-tier supply chains: an investigation of power sources Open
Purpose A firm's ability to cascade sustainability requirements further down to lower-tier suppliers might be affected by inter-firm power relations. This study aimed to identify the power sources of focal firms and first- and lower-tier s…
View article
Practices and strategies for sustainability-related risk management in multi-tier supply chains Open
This study investigates how sustainability-related risks are managed in multi-tier supply chains. It focuses on the strategies and practices that companies use to manage sustainability-related risks and how these differ between supply chai…
View article
Modelling the impact of the tier system on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the UK between the first and second national lockdowns Open
Objective To measure the effects of the tier system on the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK between the first and second national lockdowns, before the emergence of the B.1.1.7 variant of concern. Design This is a modelling study combining esti…
View article
A Five‐Tier System for Improving the Categorization of Transplant Program Performance Open
Objective To better inform health care consumers by better identifying differences in transplant program performance. Data Source Adult kidney transplants performed in the United States, January 1, 2012–June 30, 2014. Study Design In Decem…
View article
Use of a Telemedicine Risk Assessment Tool to Predict the Risk of Hospitalization of 496 Outpatients With COVID-19: Retrospective Analysis Open
Background Risk assessment of patients with acute COVID-19 in a telemedicine context is not well described. In settings of large numbers of patients, a risk assessment tool may guide resource allocation not only for patient care but also f…
View article
Academic excellence, local knowledge spillovers and innovation in Europe Open
This paper studies whether high-quality research in first-tier universities has greater local knowledge spillovers than that in lower-tier universities. First-tier universities are identified as those among the top 150, according to the Ac…
View article
Distinguishing Children’s Hospitals From Non–Children’s Hospitals in Large Claims Data Open
BACKGROUND: The first methodologic step needed to compare pediatric health outcomes at children’s hospitals (CHs) and non–children’s hospitals (NCHs) is to classify hospitals into CH and NCH categories. However, there are currently no stan…
View article
Decarbonising the automotive sector: a primary raw material perspective on targets and timescales Open
Decarbonisation of the automotive sector will require increased amounts of raw materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel and rare earth elements. Consequently, it is crucial to assess whether supply will be able to meet forecast demand wit…
View article
Is the Effect Assessment Approach for Fungicides as Laid Down in the European Food Safety Authority Aquatic Guidance Document Sufficiently Protective for Freshwater Ecosystems? Open
In Europe, the European Food Safety Authority aquatic guidance document describes the procedures for the derivation of regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) for pesticides in edge-of-field surface waters on the basis of tier-1 (stand…
View article
The role of fairness in multi-tier sustainable supply chains Open
Fairness is an important topic that forms part of an organisation’s sustainability practice and agenda, particularly from a social dimension. However, past studies have rarely considered the role of fairness as a driver of sustainability i…
View article
Pilot study for the fidelity, acceptability, and effectiveness of a PBIS program plus mental health supports in under‐resourced urban schools Open
This paper describes implementation (fidelity, perceived acceptability) and tier 1 and Tier 2 outcomes of school‐wide positive behavior interventions and supports approach including mental health supports at Tier 2 in two K‐8 urban schools…
View article
Risk assessment for pesticide mixtures on aquatic ecosystems in China: a proposed framework Open
BACKGROUND With over 12 000 registered mixture formulations in China, environmental risk assessment of co‐formulated pesticide mixtures to aquatic ecosystems is of increasing interest to scientists, risk assessors, and risk managers. This …
View article
Learning Needs Determination for Industry 4.0 Maturity Development in Automotive Organisations in Slovakia Open
Purpose: This paper aims to present the results of the study focused on the assessment of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) maturity level and adoption level of Quality 4.0 (Q4.0) intelligent technologies in organisations operating in the automotive ind…
View article
Mapping of the US Domestic Influenza Virologic Surveillance Landscape Open
Influenza virologic surveillance is critical each season for tracking influenza circulation, following trends in antiviral drug resistance, detecting novel influenza infections in humans, and selecting viruses for use in annual seasonal va…
View article
Overcoming Challenges of Incorporating Higher Tier Data in Ecological Risk Assessments and Risk Management of Pesticides in the United States: Findings and Recommendations from the 2017 Workshop on Regulation and Innovation in Agriculture Open
Pesticide regulation requires regulatory authorities to assess the potential ecological risk of pesticides submitted for registration, and most risk assessment schemes use a tiered testing and assessment approach. Standardized ecotoxicity …
View article
Expanding clarity or confusion? Volatility of the 5-tier ratings assessing quality of transplant centers in the United States Open
Outcomes of patients receiving solid organ transplants in the United States are systematically aggregated into bi-annual Program-Specific Reports (PSRs) detailing risk-adjusted survival by transplant center. Recently, the Scientific Regist…
View article
Between-User Reliability of Tier 1 Exposure Assessment Tools Used Under REACH Open
When applying simple screening (Tier 1) tools to estimate exposure to chemicals in a given exposure situation under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals Regulation 2006 (REACH), users must select from se…
View article
Evaluation of Exposure Assessment Tools under REACH: Part II—Higher Tier Tools Open
Stoffenmanager®v4.5 and Advanced REACH Tool (ART) v1.5, two higher tier exposure assessment tools for use under REACH, were evaluated by determining accuracy and robustness. A total of 282 exposure measurements from 51 exposure situations …
View article
Understanding the Middle Tier Comparative Costs of Academy and LA-maintained School Systems Open
The LGA commissioned and part-funded this research to understand the comparative costs of the middle tiers in England. By ‘middle tier’ we mean the systems of support and accountability connecting publicly-funded local authority (LA) maint…
View article
Consumer Affordability in Tier-1, Tier-2 and Tier-3 Cities of India – An Empirical Study Open
Majority of brick-and-mortar retailers in India assume that;(a) price/product/brand assortment must be differentiated among stores located in different type of cities, (b) consumers cannot afford to purchase high-priced products/brands in …
View article
Assessment of four rounds of interlaboratory tests within the UNEP-coordinated POPs projects Open
Since 2005, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has supported developing countries with capacity building, including on-site training courses and provision on laboratory materials and consumables, and analysis of samples from A…
View article
A multitiered approach for grassland ecosystem services mapping and assessment: The Viva Grass tool Open
Throughout the second half of the 20th Century, the area of semi-natural grasslands in the Baltic States decreased substantially, due to agricultural abandonment in some areas and intensification in more productive soil types. In order to …
View article
Review and Comparison of Four-Tier Multiple Choice and Five-Tier Multiple Choice Diagnostic Tests to Identify Mastery of Physics Concepts Open
Misconceptions of a concept in a lesson will have an influence in understanding the next concept. Having misconceptions that exist in learning can understand the nature of the misconceptions and consequently can help student learning progr…