Palytoxin
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The toxic benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Ostreopsis in temperate areas: a review Open
The genus Ostreopsis includes species largely distributed from tropical to temperate marine areas worldwide. Among the nine species of the genus, O. siamensis, O. mascarenensis, O. lenticularis and O. cf. ovata can produce toxins of the pa…
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<i>Ostreopsis fattorussoi</i>sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new benthic toxic<i>Ostreopsis</i>species from the eastern Mediterranean Sea Open
The new benthic toxic dinoflagellate, Ostreopsis fattorussoi sp. nov., is described from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Lebanon and Cyprus coasts, and is supported by morphological and molecular data. The plate formula, Po, 3′, 7″, 6c, 7s,…
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Ostreopsis cf. ovata Bloom in Currais, Brazil: Phylogeny, Toxin Profile and Contamination of Mussels and Marine Plastic Litter Open
Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a toxic marine benthic dinoflagellate responsible for harmful blooms affecting ecosystem and human health, mostly in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study we report the occurrence of a summer O. cf. ovata bloom in Cu…
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Recent Trends in Marine Phycotoxins from Australian Coastal Waters Open
Phycotoxins, which are produced by harmful microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web, are of growing concern for Australia. These harmful algae pose a threat to ecosystem and human health, as well as constraining the progress of …
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Palytoxin-Containing Aquarium Soft Corals as an Emerging Sanitary Problem Open
Palytoxin (PLTX), one the most potent marine toxins, and/or its analogs, have been identified in different marine organisms, such as Palythoa soft corals, Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, and Trichodesmium cyanobacteria. Although the main conce…
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Revisiting the Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a) for the Improved Detection of Marine Toxins Active on Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs) Open
The neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) is widely used for the detection of marine biotoxins in seafood products, yet a consensus protocol is still lacking. In this study, six key parameters of CBA-N2a were revisited: cell seeding den…
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The Incidence of Marine Toxins and the Associated Seafood Poisoning Episodes in the African Countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea Open
The occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and bacteria can be one of the great threats to public health due to their ability to produce marine toxins (MTs). The most reported MTs include paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), amnesic shell…
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Massive Occurrence of the Harmful Benthic Dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the Eastern Adriatic Sea Open
In September 2015, a massive occurrence of the Ostreopsis species was recorded in central Adriatic Kaštela Bay. In order to taxonomically identify the Ostreopsis species responsible for this event and determine their toxin profile, cells c…
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Haff Disease in Salvador, Brazil, 2016-2021: Attack rate and detection of toxin in fish samples collected during outbreaks and disease surveillance Open
These findings support the hypothesis that compounds related to PlTX accumulated in marine fish may be the toxic agent causing the disease. Haff disease is a life-threatening condition, requiring clinical suspicion for patients with sudden…
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Ostreopsis cf. ovata (Dinophyceae) Molecular Phylogeny, Morphology, and Detection of Ovatoxins in Strains and Field Samples from Brazil Open
Recurrent blooms of Ostreopsis cf. ovata have been reported in Brazil and the Mediterranean Sea with associated ecological, and in the latter case, health impacts. Molecular data based on the D1–D3 and D8–D10 regions of the LSU rDNA and IT…
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How Safe Is Safe for Marine Toxins Monitoring? Open
Current regulation for marine toxins requires a monitoring method based on mass spectrometric analysis. This method is pre-targeted, hence after searching for pre-assigned masses, it identifies those compounds that were pre-defined with av…
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Study of the binding mechanism of aptamer to palytoxin by docking and molecular simulation Open
This paper provides a feasible model for molecular structure analysis and interaction mechanism of aptamer and micromolecule. In this study, modeling and dynamic simulation of ssDNA aptamer (P-18S2) and target (Palytoxin, PTX) were perform…
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Insecticidal activity guided isolation of palytoxin from a red alga, Chondria armata Open
A red alga, Chondria armata, was used as a vermifuge in Japan. Previously, we isolated domoic acids from C. armata guided by the insecticidal activity against American cockroaches. Further investigations led to the discovery of a compound …
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In Vivo Evaluation of the Chronic Oral Toxicity of the Marine Toxin Palytoxin Open
Palytoxin (PLTX) is one of the most poisonous substances known to date and considered as an emergent toxin in Europe. Palytoxin binds to the Na+-K+ ATPase, converting the enzyme in a permeant cation channel. This toxin is known for causing…
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Palytoxin-Analogues Accumulation in Natural Mussel Banks during an Ostreopsis cf. ovata Bloom Open
Intense blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis producing palytoxin (PlTX) analogs, mainly ovatoxins (OVTXs), have been a recurrent phenomenon along several Mediterranean coasts. Although there is evidence of seafood contamination by…
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Novel Insights on the Toxicity of Phycotoxins on the Gut through the Targeting of Enteric Glial Cells Open
In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that phycotoxins can impact intestinal epithelial cells and can cross the intestinal barrier to some extent. Therefore, phycotoxins can reach cells underlying the epithelium, such as enteric glial ce…
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First record of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum borbonicum in the continental coast of Colombian Caribbean: A new 42 hydroxi-palytoxin producer Open
The dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum includes several harmful toxigenic species, predominantly benthic ones. In the past, fast-acting toxicity in mice has been observed in extracts of the epibenthic species P. borbonicum , with the findin…
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Toxicity of binary-metal mixtures (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb and Zn) in the euryhaline rotifer Proales similis: Antagonistic and synergistic effects Open
Data regarding the effects of binary metal mixtures in marine zooplankton are scarce, particularly for rotifers. We examined the toxicity of 21 binary equitoxic mixtures of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, and Zn on the euryhaline rotifer Proales s…
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A Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method for Palytoxin Using Lithium Cationization Open
Palytoxin (PlTX) and analogues are produced by certain dinoflagellates, sea anemones, corals and cyanobacteria. PlTX can accumulate in the food chain and when consumed it may cause intoxication with symptoms like myalgia, weakness, fever, …
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Functional and Structural Biological Methods for Palytoxin Detection Open
Palytoxin (PLTX) and its analogues are marine polyethers identified in Palythoa and Zoanthus corals, Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, and Trichodesmium cyanobacteria. Humans can be exposed to these toxins by different routes with a series of ad…
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A Novel Sensitive Cell-Based Immunoenzymatic Assay for Palytoxin Quantitation in Mussels Open
The marine algal toxin palytoxin (PLTX) and its analogues are some of the most toxic marine compounds. Their accumulation in edible marine organisms and entrance into the food chain represent their main concerns for human health. Indeed, s…
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Pro-inflammatory effects of palytoxin: an in vitro study on human keratinocytes and inflammatory cells Open
Keratinocytes are actively involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells in response to cutaneous contact with palytoxin.
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Inhalation poisoning with palytoxin from aquarium coral: case description and safety advice Open
Palythoa spp. corals and some other marine organisms contain one of the most poisonous substances ever known – palytoxin (PTX). Due to their modest life requirements and ease of breeding, these corals are popular in home aquariums. Here we…
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Proteomic Studies of the Mechanism of Cytotoxicity, Induced by Palytoxin on HaCaT Cells Open
Palytoxin (PLTX) is a polyether marine toxin isolated from sea anemones. It is one of the most toxic nonprotein substances, causing many people to be poisoned every year and to die in severe cases. Despite its known impact on Na+,K+-ATPase…
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Hypothesized diprotomeric enzyme complex supported by stochastic modelling of palytoxin-induced Na/K pump channels Open
The sodium–potassium pump (Na + /K + pump) is crucial for cell physiology. Despite great advances in the understanding of this ionic pumping system, its mechanism is not completely understood. We propose the use of a statistical model chec…
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On the Hunt for New Toxin Families Produced by a Mediterranean Strain of the Benthic Dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata Open
Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a benthic dinoflagellate known to produce palytoxin (PLTX) and its analogues. Recent investigations suggested the production of unknown toxins by a Mediterranean strain. In the present work, two new families of toxi…
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Coral Keratitis: Case Report and Review of Mechanisms of Action, Clinical Management and Prognosis of Ocular Exposure to Palytoxin Open
Palytoxin is one of the most lethal natural toxins ever discovered. This molecule has been isolated from various marine animals, including zoanthid corals. This popular organism is commonly found in many home saltwater aquariums due to its…
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Ecotoxicological Impact of the Marine Toxin Palytoxin on the Micro-Crustacean Artemia franciscana Open
Palytoxin (PLTX) is a highly toxic polyether identified in various marine organisms, such as Palythoa soft corals, Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, and Trichodesmium cyanobacteria. In addition to adverse effects in humans, negative impacts on d…
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Multiply charged ion profiles in the UHPLC-HRMS analysis of palytoxin analogues from <i>Ostreopsis</i> cf. <i>ovata</i> blooms Open
The study addresses some challenges related to the chemical complexity of palytoxin analogues that affect their quantification by UHPLC-HRMS.
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Acute Toxicity by Oral Co-Exposure to Palytoxin and Okadaic Acid in Mice Open
The frequent occurrence of marine dinoflagellates producing palytoxin (PLTX) or okadaic acid (OA) raises concern for the possible co-presence of these toxins in seafood, leading to additive or synergistic adverse effects in consumers. Thus…