Words per minute ≈ Words per minute
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How many words do we read per minute? A review and meta-analysis of reading rate Open
Based on the analysis of 190 studies (18,573 participants), we estimate that the average silent reading rate for adults in English is 238 words per minute (wpm) for non-fiction and 260 wpm for fiction. The difference can be predicted by ta…
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Performance Envelopes of Virtual Keyboard Text Input Strategies in Virtual Reality Open
Virtual and Augmented Reality deliver engaging interaction experiences that can transport and extend the capabilities of the user. To ensure these paradigms are more broadly usable and effective, however, it is necessary to also deliver ma…
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Performance and User Experience of Touchscreen and Gesture Keyboards in a Lab Setting and in the Wild Open
We study the performance and user experience of two popular mainstream mobile text entry methods: the Smart Touch Keyboard (STK) and the Smart Gesture Keyboard (SGK). Our first study is a lab-based ten-session text entry experiment. In our…
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EyeSwipe Open
Text entry using gaze-based interaction is a vital communication tool for people with motor impairments. Most solutions require the user to fixate on a key for a given dwell time to select it, thus limiting the typing speed. In this paper …
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Filteryedping: Design Challenges and User Performance of Dwell-Free Eye Typing Open
The ability to use the movements of the eyes to write is extremely important for individuals with a severe motor disability. With eye typing, a virtual keyboard is shown on the screen and the user enters text by gazing at the intended keys…
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Changes in blink rate and ocular symptoms during different reading tasks Open
The study confirmed that both the blink rate and ocular discomfort symptoms were strongly affected during performance of close visual tasks. Both reading conditions affected blinking; this may interfere with tear film dynamics. Such effect…
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TongueBoard Open
We present TongueBoard, a retainer form-factor device for recognizing non-vocalized speech. TongueBoard enables absolute position tracking of the tongue by placing capacitive touch sensors on the roof of the mouth. We collect a dataset of …
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Comparing performance on the MNREAD iPad application with the MNREAD acuity chart Open
Our purpose was to compare reading performance measured with the MNREAD Acuity Chart and an iPad application (app) version of the same test for both normally sighted and low-vision participants. Our methods included 165 participants with n…
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Investigating Tilt-based Gesture Keyboard Entry for Single-Handed Text Entry on Large Devices Open
The research described here was supported by the University of St Andrews and the Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance (SICSA).
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HiFinger: One-Handed Text Entry Technique for Virtual Environments Based on Touches between Fingers Open
We present a text entry technique called HiFinger, which is an eyes-free, one-handed wearable text entry technique for immersive virtual environments by thumb-to-fingers touch. This technique enables users to input text quickly, accurately…
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One page of text: Eye movements during regular and thorough reading, skimming, and spell checking. Open
Eye movements during regular reading, thorough reading, skimming, and spell checking of single pages of text were measured, to investigate how high-level reading tasks elicited by instructions affect reading behavior. Word frequency and wo…
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Minor Immediate Effects of a Dog on Children’s Reading Performance and Physiology Open
Literacy is a key factor in occupational success and social integration. However, an increasing number of children lack appropriate reading skills. There is growing evidence that dogs have positive effects on reading performance. We invest…
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Reading in the presence of macular disease: a mini‐review Open
Purpose Reading is vital to full participation in modern society. To millions of people suffering from macular disease that results in a central scotoma, reading is difficult and inefficient, rendering reading as the primary goal for most …
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The impact of dose on naming accuracy with persons with aphasia Open
Participants across a variety of aphasia severity levels responded positively to two doses of repeated confrontation naming practice, without feedback, across phases of this naming protocol. Results are in line with principles of neuroplas…
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SilentSpeller: Towards mobile, hands-free, silent speech text entry using electropalatography Open
Speech is inappropriate in many situations, limiting when voice control can be used. Most unvoiced speech text entry systems can not be used while on-the-go due to movement artifacts. Using a dental retainer with capacitive touch sensors, …
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TapType: Ten-finger text entry on everyday surfaces via Bayesian inference Open
Despite the advent of touchscreens, typing on physical keyboards remains most efficient for entering text, because users can leverage all fingers across a full-size keyboard for convenient typing. As users increasingly type on the go, text…
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The Impact of Word, Multiple Word, and Sentence Input on Virtual Keyboard Decoding Performance Open
Entering text on non-desktop computing devices is often done via an onscreen virtual keyboard. Input on such keyboards normally consists of a sequence of noisy tap events that specify some amount of text, most commonly a single word. But i…
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Reading Rate and Comprehension for Text Presented on Tablet and Paper: Evidence from Arabic Open
The effectiveness of tablet computers to supplement or replace paper-based text in everyday life has yet to be fully revealed. Previous investigations comparing reading performance using tablets and paper have, however, reported inconsiste…
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HGaze Typing: Head-Gesture Assisted Gaze Typing Open
This paper introduces a bi-modal typing interface, HGaze Typing, which combines the simplicity of head gestures with the speed of gaze inputs to provide efficient and comfortable dwell-free text entry. HGaze Typing uses gaze path informati…
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Fonts Designed for Macular Degeneration: Impact on Reading Open
The two fonts, designed specifically for MD, permit smaller print to be read, but provide no advantage over Courier.
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Typing Performance of Blind Users Open
Non-visual text-entry for people with visual impairments has focused mostly on the comparison of input techniques reporting on performance measures, such as accuracy and speed. While researchers have been able to establish that non-visual …
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Does speed‐reading training work, and if so, why? Effects of speed‐reading training and metacognitive training on reading speed, comprehension and eye movements Open
Background Commercial speed‐reading training programs are typically marketed with the promise to dramatically increase reading speed without impairing comprehension. From the perspective of reading psychology, it seems quite unlikely that …
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Slower Speaking Rate Reduces Listening Effort Among Listeners With Cochlear Implants Open
Objectives: Slowed speaking rate was examined for its effects on speech intelligibility, its interaction with the benefit of contextual cues, and the impact of these factors on listening effort in adults with cochlear implants. Design: Par…
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Discrete versus multiple word displays: a re-analysis of studies comparing dyslexic and typically developing children Open
The study examines whether impairments in reading a text can be explained by a deficit in word decoding or an additional deficit in the processes governing the integration of reading subcomponents (including eye movement programming and pr…
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Feasibility of the electrolarynx for enabling communication in the chronically critically ill: The EECCHO study Open
The electrolarynx may aid intelligible speech for some tracheostomized patients if the communication partner can visualize the users face, and reduce anxiety and make patient perceived communication easier.
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Extending the MNREAD sentence corpus: Computer-generated sentences for measuring visual performance in reading Open
The MNREAD chart consists of standardized sentences printed at 19 sizes in 0.1 logMAR steps. There are 95 sentences distributed across the five English versions of the chart. However, there is a demand for a much larger number of sentences…
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Underlying Skills of Oral and Silent Reading Fluency in Chinese: Perspective of Visual Rapid Processing Open
Reading fluency is a critical skill to improve the quality of our daily life and working efficiency. The majority of previous studies focused on oral reading fluency rather than silent reading fluency, which is a much more dominant reading…
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Reading Acuity as a Predictor of Low-Vision Reading Performance Open
RA may provide more accurate assessment of reading performance than LA for purposes of low-vision reading rehabilitation.
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Invisiboard Open
The small displays of smartwatches make text entry difficult and time consuming. While text entry rates can be increased, this continues to occur at the expense of available screen display space. Soft keyboards can easily use half the disp…
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Perceptual and Cognitive Factors Imposing “Speed Limits” on Reading Rate: A Study with the Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Open
Adults read at high speed, but estimates of their reading rate vary greatly, i.e., from 100 to 1500 words per minute (wpm). This discrepancy is likely due to different recording methods and to the different perceptual and cognitive process…