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High-entropy alloys fabricated via powder metallurgy. A critical review Open
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted a great deal of interest over the last 14 years. One reason for this level of interest is related to these alloys breaking the alloying principles that have been applied for many centuries. Thus, H…
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Silicon Solar Cells: Trends, Manufacturing Challenges, and AI Perspectives Open
Photovoltaic (PV) installations have experienced significant growth in the past 20 years. During this period, the solar industry has witnessed technological advances, cost reductions, and increased awareness of renewable energy’s benefits.…
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Precipitation Behavior of Carbides in H13 Hot Work Die Steel and Its Strengthening during Tempering Open
The properties of carbides, such as morphology, size, and type, in H13 hot work die steel were studied with optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis; their size distri…
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Microstructures and mechanical properties of a welded CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy Open
The response of the CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy to weld thermal cycles was investigated to determine its applicability as an engineering structural material. Two processes were used: high-energy-density, low-heat-input electron beam (EB)…
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Comparison of hot deformation behaviour and microstructural evolution for Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr alloys prepared by powder metallurgy and ingot metallurgy approaches Open
To realize the systematic comparison of the hot workability and guide the further hot-processing of powder metallurgy (PM) and ingot metallurgy (IM) Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr (Ti-5553) alloys, the hot deformation behaviour and microstructural evol…
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Solidification Microstructures of the Ingots Obtained by Arc Melting and Cold Crucible Levitation Melting in TiNbTaZr Medium-Entropy Alloy and TiNbTaZrX (X = V, Mo, W) High-Entropy Alloys Open
The solidification microstructures of the TiNbTaZr medium-entropy alloy and TiNbTaZrX (X = V, Mo, and W) high-entropy alloys (HEAs), including the TiNbTaZrMo bio-HEA, were investigated. Equiaxed dendrite structures were observed in the ing…
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Self‐Tuning n‐Type Bi<sub>2</sub>(Te,Se)<sub>3</sub>/SiC Thermoelectric Nanocomposites to Realize High Performances up to 300 °C Open
Bi 2 Te 3 thermoelectric materials are utilized for refrigeration for decades, while their application of energy harvesting requires stable thermoelectric and mechanical performances at elevated temperatures. This work reveals that a stead…
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Defect characterization of β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> single crystals grown by vertical Bridgman method Open
The characteristics of structural defects observed on (100) wafers in β-Ga 2 O 3 single crystals grown by directional solidification in a vertical Bridgman furnace were studied in terms of crystal growth conditions. No high-dislocation-den…
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Solidification Microstructure of AlCoCrFeNi<sub>2.1</sub> Eutectic High Entropy Alloy Ingots Open
AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high-entropy alloy (EHEA) ingots were successfully obtained by high-frequency melting and centrifugal metal-mold casting under an Ar flow. The microstructure of the ingots was investigated by trans-scale observations…
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Toward High‐Thermoelectric‐Performance Large‐Size Nanostructured BiSbTe Alloys via Optimization of Sintering‐Temperature Distribution Open
High thermoelectric performance of mechanically robust p‐type Bi 2 Te 3 ‐based materials prepared by melt spinning (MS) combined with plasma‐activated sintering (PAS) method can be obtained with small, laboratory grown samples. However, la…
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Corrosion behavior of Mg–3Gd–1Zn–0.4Zr alloy with and without stacking faults Open
To develop biodegradable magnesium alloy with desirable corrosion properties, a low Gd-containing Mg–3Gd–1Zn–0.4Zr (wt%, GZ31K) alloy was prepared. The as-cast ingot was solution treated and then hot extruded. Microstructures were characte…
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The effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure, mechanical and electrochemical properties of arc-melted AlCrFeMnNi equi-atomic High entropy alloy Open
In this work, an equiatomic AlCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy (HEA) was fabricated through an arc-melting and casting process. As-cast alloy ingot was annealed for 2 h at various temperatures to investigate the effect of heat treatment tempera…
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Reductive Smelting of Neutralized Red Mud for Iron Recovery and Produced Pig Iron for Heat-Resistant Castings Open
The chemical and mineral composition of the red mud from the Ural Aluminum Plant were studied by XRF, XRD, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Experiments on reductive smelting of red mud were carried out in a range of temperatures (1650–1750 °C) …
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Growth and agglomeration behaviors of eutectic M7C3 carbide in electroslag remelted martensitic stainless steel Open
The solidification microstructure of 8Cr13MoV martensitic stainless steel electroslag remelting (ESR) ingot is observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results show that e…
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Gallium‐Doped Silicon for High‐Efficiency Commercial Passivated Emitter and Rear Solar Cells Open
Czochralski‐grown gallium‐doped silicon wafers are now a mainstream substrate for commercial passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) devices and allow retention of established processes while offering enhanced cell stability. We have asses…
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Recovery and Purification of Tin from Tailings from the Penouta Sn–Ta–Nb Deposit Open
A concentrate obtained from mining tailings containing mainly cassiterite and columbotantalite was reduced for the production of tin metal. The compounds CaCO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3, and borax were used as fluxes in the pyrometallurgical reductio…
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Melting, Remelting, and Casting for Clean Steel Open
The control of the metallurgy of steels is now highly developed. This is in contrast to the casting techniques for steels. Although continuous casting is generally conducted well, current ingot casting techniques are poor, unnecessarily in…
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The Nature of Native MgO in Mg and Its Alloys Open
Native MgO particles in Mg-alloy melts have been recently exploited as potential substrates for heterogeneous nucleation during solidification, leading to significant grain refinement of various Mg-alloys. However, our current knowledge of…
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Effect of volume energy density on selective laser melting NiTi shape memory alloys: microstructural evolution, mechanical and functional properties Open
Equi-atomic NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) samples were manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) with different laser volume energy densities via synchronously varying laser power and scanning speed. The processing quality, phase trans…
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A Thermodynamic Model to Design the Equilibrium Slag Compositions during Electroslag Remelting Process: Description and Verification Open
Based on the ion and molecule coexistence theory (IMCT) and slag-metal equilibrium theory, a thermodynamic model to design the slag compositions balanced with the consumable electrode of G20CrNi2Mo bearing steel during electroslag remeltin…
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Unraveling the Origin of Donor‐Like Effect in Bismuth–Telluride‐Based Thermoelectric Materials Open
The donor‐like effect, depicting the uncontrollable increase of electron density that can significantly alter the thermoelectric performance of both p‐type and n‐type polycrystalline Bi 2 Te 3 ‐based materials, has long been an intriguing …
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Bi(2-x)SbxTe3 Thermoelectric Composites with High Average zT Values: From Materials to Devices Open
(Bi,Sb)Te-based materials have drawn extensive attention for nearly two centuries as one of the most successful commercial thermoelectric (TE) materials. However, Bi(2-x)SbxTe3 composites with remarkable average figure of merit (zTavg) val…
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The effects of Cr addition on microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of as-cast Al–3.8wt.%Cu–(Cr) alloys Open
An investigation is made on the effects of Cr addition (0.25 and 0.50 wt%) on the solidification evolution, microstructure formation, hardness and tensile properties of Al–3.8Cu–(Cr) alloys. Solidification experiments were carried out in a…
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Kinetic Analysis of Aluminum and Oxygen Variation of G20CrNi2Mo Bearing Steel during Industrial Electroslag Remelting Process Open
Kinetics of slag-metal reactions was investigated in order to elucidate the mechanism of Al-oxidation and oxygen increase during industrial electroslag remelting (ESR) process. G20CrNi2Mo bearing steel was utilized as the consumable electr…
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Wrought and cast aluminum flows in China in the context of electric vehicle diffusion and automotive lightweighting Open
Electrification and vehicle weight reduction (lightweighting) trends are driving demand for wrought aluminum alloys. Given that aluminum scrap is currently downgraded as it is recycled into cast aluminum alloys, an imbalance in aluminum cy…
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Corrosion of Al(Co)CrFeNi High-Entropy Alloys Open
High-entropy alloys, AlCrFe2Ni2Mox (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15), AlCoCrFeNi, and two quinary alloys with compositions close to its face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic component phases, are tested for corrosion resistance in 3.5…
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Cleanliness improvement and microstructure refinement of ingot processed by vacuum electroslag remelting Open
The composition analysis, inclusion and microstructure characterizations for two ingots processed by Ar gas protective electroslag remelting (ESR) and vacuum ESR as well as thermodynamic calculation were carried out to explore mechanisms o…
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Dendrite Segregation Changes in High Temperature Homogenization Process of As-cast H13 Steel Open
The microstructural evolution and microhardness changes of the H13 ingot during homogenization process were investigated to characterize the dendrite segregation changes by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elect…
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Superconducting radio-frequency cavities made from medium and low-purity niobium ingots Open
Superconducting radio-frequency cavities made of ingot niobium with residual resistivity ratio (RRR) greater than 250 have proven to have similar or better performance than fine-grain Nb cavities of the same purity, after standard processi…
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Comparative shock response of additively manufactured versus conventionally wrought 304L stainless steel Open
Gas-gun experiments have probed the compression and release behavior of impact-loaded 304L stainless steel specimens that were machined from additively manufactured (AM) blocks as well as baseline ingot-derived bar stock. The AM technology…