3D city models
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Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review Open
In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains and for a large range of tasks beyond visualisation. In this paper, we…
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National-scale mapping of building height using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time series Open
Urban areas and their vertical characteristics have a manifold and far-reaching impact on our environment. However, openly accessible information at high spatial resolution is still missing at large for complete countries or regions. In th…
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Automatic conversion of IFC datasets to geometrically and semantically correct CityGML LOD3 buildings Open
Although the international standard CityGML has five levels of detail (LODs), the vast majority of available models are the coarse ones (up to LOD2, i.e. block‐shaped buildings with roofs). LOD3 and LOD4 models, which contain architectural…
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Reconstruction and Efficient Visualization of Heterogeneous 3D City Models Open
The increasing efforts in developing smart city concepts are often coupled with three-dimensional (3D) modeling of envisioned designs. Such conceptual designs and planning are multi-disciplinary in their nature. Realistic implementations m…
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CityGML Application Domain Extension (ADE): overview of developments Open
The Application Domain Extension (ADE) is a built-in mechanism of CityGML to augment its data model with additional concepts required by particular use cases. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the ADE mechanism and a lite…
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The Energy Application Domain Extension for CityGML: enhancing interoperability for urban energy simulations Open
The road towards achievement of the climate protection goals requires, among the rest, a thorough rethinking of the energy planning tools (and policies) at all levels, from local to global. Nevertheless, it is in the cities where the large…
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Utilizing BIM and GIS for Representation and Visualization of 3D Cadastre Open
The current three-dimensionally (3D) delimited property units are in most countries registered using two-dimensional (2D) documentation and textual descriptions. This approach has limitations if used for representing the actual extent of c…
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SimStadt, a new workflow-driven urban energy simulation platform for CityGML city models Open
In this paper, we introduce new urban energy simulation platform SimStadt, which has been developed to support public authorities and engineering companies in the planning of the energy transition at urban scale. SimStadt design is marked …
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City3D: Large-Scale Building Reconstruction from Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds Open
We present a fully automatic approach for reconstructing compact 3D building models from large-scale airborne point clouds. A major challenge of urban reconstruction from airborne LiDAR point clouds lies in that the vertical walls are typi…
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Towards Effective BIM/GIS Data Integration for Smart City by Integrating Computer Graphics Technique Open
The development of a smart city and digital twin requires the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), where BIM models are to be integrated into GIS for visualization and/or analysis. Ho…
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Extending CityGML for IFC-sourced 3D city models Open
Differences in the scope and intent of the contrasting IFC and CityGML data formats entail that converting the former to the latter results in loss of information. However, for some use cases it is beneficial to keep also particular inform…
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OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAMMETRY SUPPORTING 3D URBAN RECONSTRUCTION OF COMPLEX SCENARIOS Open
Accurate 3D city models represent an important source of geospatial information to support various “smart city” applications, such as space management, energy assessment, 3D cartography, noise and pollution mapping as well as disaster mana…
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Building Virtual 3D City Model for Smart Cities Applications: A Case Study on Campus Area of the University of Novi Sad Open
The Smart Cities data and applications need to replicate, as faithfully as possible, the state of the city and to simulate possible alternative futures. In order to do this, the modelling of the city should cover all aspects of the city th…
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Achieving Complete and Near-Lossless Conversion from IFC to CityGML Open
The Singapore Government has embarked on a project to establish a three-dimensional city model and collaborative data platform for Singapore. The research herein contributes to this endeavour by developing a methodology and algorithms to a…
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3D MODELLING AND VISUALIZATION BASED ON THE UNITY GAME ENGINE – ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES Open
3D City modelling is increasingly popular and becoming valuable tools in managing big cities. Urban and energy planning, landscape, noise-sewage modelling, underground mapping and navigation are among the applications/fields which really d…
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Automatically enhancing CityGML LOD2 models with a corresponding indoor geometry Open
The international standard CityGML defines five levels of detail (LODs) for 3D city models, but only the highest of these (LOD4) supports modelling the indoor geometry of a building, which must be acquired in correspondingly high detail an…
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Population Estimation Using a 3D City Model: A Multi-Scale Country-Wide Study in the Netherlands Open
The remote estimation of a region's population has for decades been a key application of geographic information science in demography. Most studies have used 2D data (maps, satellite imagery) to estimate population avoiding field surveys a…
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Tools for BIM-GIS Integration (IFC Georeferencing and Conversions): Results from the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019 Open
The integration of 3D city models with Building Information Models (BIM), coined as GeoBIM, facilitates improved data support to several applications, e.g., 3D map updates, building permits issuing, detailed city analysis, infrastructure d…
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Characterizing 3D City Modeling Projects: Towards a Harmonized Interoperable System Open
3D city models have become common geospatial data assets for cities that can be utilized in numerous fields, in tasks related to planning, visualization, and decision-making among others. We present a study of 3D city modeling focusing on …
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val3dity: validation of 3D GIS primitives according to the international standards Open
The validity of 3D primitives in 3D GIS datasets is often a prerequisite for using them in simulation and decision-making software, e.g. visibility analysis, noise pollution assessment, and energy estimation. However, while agreed definiti…
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3D Solar Potential in the Urban Environment: A Case Study in Lisbon Open
The assessment of solar potential in the urban environment is an important instrument for policy decision regarding renewable energy deployment in the city. This paper presents an experimentally validated 3D solar potential model for rooft…
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3D building metrics for urban morphology Open
Urban morphology is important in a broad range of investigations across the fields of city planning, transportation, climate, energy, and urban data science. Characterising buildings with a set of numerical metrics is fundamental to studyi…
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Urban 3D segmentation and modelling from street view images and LiDAR point clouds Open
3D urban maps with semantic labels and metric information are not only essential for the next generation robots such autonomous vehicles and city drones, but also help to visualize and augment local environment in mobile user applications.…
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3dfier: automatic reconstruction of 3D city models Open
Three-dimensional city models are essential to assess the impact that environmental factors will have on citizens, because they are the input to several simulation and prediction software. Examples of such environmental factors are noise (…
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3D Point Cloud Semantic Modelling: Integrated Framework for Indoor Spaces and Furniture Open
3D models derived from point clouds are useful in various shapes to optimize the trade-off between precision and geometric complexity. They are defined at different granularity levels according to each indoor situation. In this article, we…
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3D building model generation from MLS point cloud and 3D mesh using multi-source data fusion Open
The high-precision generation of 3D building models is a controversial research topic in the field of smart cities. However, due to the limitations of single-source data, existing methods cannot simultaneously balance the local accuracy, o…
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THE MOST COMMON GEOMETRIC AND SEMANTIC ERRORS IN CITYGMLDATASETS Open
To be used as input in most simulation and modelling software, 3D city models should be geometrically and topologically valid, and semantically rich. We investigate in this paper what is the quality of currently available CityGML datasets,…
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3D-GIS Parametric Modelling for Virtual Urban Simulation Using CityEngine Open
Modelling and visualization of three-dimensional (3D) models for cities is a great challenge for computer software and graphics. Recently, 3D city modelling has grown due to advances in applications accompanying the information technology …
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3D City Modelling with Oblique Photogrammetry Method Open
The urbanization is increasing exponentially all over the world. Technology-based devices and services such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, vehicle navigation systems and internet map services have been observed in…
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A Full Level-of-Detail Specification for 3D Building Models Combining Indoor and Outdoor Scenes Open
The level of detail (LoD) concept in CityGML (City Geography Markup Language), which indicates how closely the model mirrors its real-world counterpart, has been accepted and applied widely in various applications, including the 3D modelin…