Cryptococcus gattii
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The Case for Adopting the “Species Complex” Nomenclature for the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis Open
Cryptococcosis is a potentially lethal disease of humans/animals caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii . Distinction between the two species is based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Recently, it was propose…
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Pulmonary cryptococcosis: A review of pathobiology and clinical aspects Open
Pulmonary cryptococcosis is an important opportunistic invasive mycosis in immunocompromised patients, but it is also increasingly seen in immunocompetent patients. The main human pathogens are Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii, which …
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Basic principles of the virulence of<i>Cryptococcus</i> Open
Among fungal pathogens, Cryptococcus neoformans has gained great importance among the scientific community of several reasons. This fungus is the causative agent of cryptococcosis, a disease mainly associated to HIV immunosuppression and c…
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Common invasive fungal diseases: an overview of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and Pneumocystis pneumonia Open
Every year, Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus and Pneumocystis infect an estimated two million individuals worldwide. Most are immunocompromised or critically ill. Candida is the most common fungal pathogen of the critically ill and of re…
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Isavuconazole Treatment of Cryptococcosis and Dimorphic Mycoses Open
NCT00634049.
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A systematic review of fluconazole resistance in clinical isolates of<i>Cryptococcus</i>species Open
Summary Fluconazole is the most commonly used antifungal agent for both the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis, and for prophylaxis against the disease. However, its prolonged use has the potential to exert selection pressure in favour o…
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Environmental distribution of<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>and<i>C. gattii</i>around the Mediterranean basin Open
In order to elucidate the distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii in the Mediterranean basin, an extensive environmental survey was carried out during 2012-2015. A total of 302 sites located in 12 countries were sampled, 6436…
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Importance of Resolving Fungal Nomenclature: the Case of Multiple Pathogenic Species in the <i>Cryptococcus</i> Genus Open
Cryptococcosis is a major fungal disease caused by members of the Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans species complexes. After more than 15 years of molecular genetic and phenotypic studies and much debate, a proposal for a tax…
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MLST-Based Population Genetic Analysis in a Global Context Reveals Clonality amongst Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii VNI Isolates from HIV Patients in Southeastern Brazil Open
Cryptococcosis is an important fungal infection in immunocompromised individuals, especially those infected with HIV. In Brazil, despite the free availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the public health system, the mortality rate …
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Genotypic Diversity Is Associated with Clinical Outcome and Phenotype in Cryptococcal Meningitis across Southern Africa Open
Cryptococcal meningitis is a major cause of mortality throughout the developing world, yet little is known about the genetic markers underlying Cryptococcal virulence and patient outcome. We studied a cohort of 230 Cryptococcus neoformans …
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<i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Evaluation of APX001A/APX001 and Other Gwt1 Inhibitors against Cryptococcus Open
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM), caused primarily by Cryptococcus neoformans , is uniformly fatal if not treated. Treatment options are limited, especially in resource-poor geographical regions, and mortality rates remain high despite current…
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Genome Evolution and Innovation across the Four Major Lineages of Cryptococcus gattii Open
Cryptococcus gattii is a fungal pathogen of humans, causing pulmonary infections in otherwise healthy hosts. To characterize genomic variation among the four major lineages of C. gattii (VGI, -II, -III, and -IV), we generated, annotated, a…
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Central Nervous System Cryptococcal Infections in Non-HIV Infected Patients Open
Central nervous system (CNS) cryptococcosis in non-HIV infected patients affects solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, patients with malignancy, rheumatic disorders, other immunosuppressive conditions and immunocompetent hosts. More rec…
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Long term mortality and disability in Cryptococcal Meningitis: a systematic literature review. Open
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is the primary cause of meningitis in adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and an emerging disease in HIV-seronegative individuals. No literature review has studied the long-term outcome of …
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Cryptococcus and Phagocytes: Complex Interactions that Influence Disease Outcome Open
Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii are fungal pathogens that cause life-threatening disease. These fungi commonly enter their host via inhalation into the lungs where they encounter resident phagocytes, including macrophages and dendrit…
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Cryptococcal therapies and drug targets: the old, the new and the promising Open
Half a century after the introduction of Amphotericin B the management of cryptococcosis remains unsatisfactory. The disease, caused primarily by the two fungal species Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, remains responsible f…
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The status of cryptococcosis in Latin America Open
Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening fungal infection caused by the encapsulated yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii, acquired from the environment. In Latin America, as occurring worldwide, C. neoformans causes more than 90% of t…
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A New Lineage of Cryptococcus gattii (VGV) Discovered in the Central Zambezian Miombo Woodlands Open
Cryptococcus gattii is an environmental pathogen that causes severe systemic infection in immunocompetent individuals more often than in immunocompromised humans. Over the past 2 decades, researchers have shown that C. gattii falls within …
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Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination Open
Cryptococcus species, the etiological agents of cryptococcosis, are encapsulated fungal yeasts that predominantly cause disease in immunocompromised individuals, and are responsible for 15% of AIDS-related deaths worldwide. Exposure follow…
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Microevolution of Serial Clinical Isolates of<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>var.<i>grubii</i>and<i>C. gattii</i> Open
The pathogenic species of Cryptococcus are a major cause of mortality owing to severe infections in immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent individuals. Although antifungal treatment is usually effective, many patients relapse after t…
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Protection against Experimental Cryptococcosis following Vaccination with Glucan Particles Containing<i>Cryptococcus</i>Alkaline Extracts Open
A vaccine capable of protecting at-risk persons against infections due to Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii could reduce the substantial global burden of human cryptococcosis. Vaccine development has been hampered though, by …
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What makes<i>Cryptococcus gattii</i>a pathogen? Open
Cryptococcosis is an invasive fungal infection of humans and other animals, typically caused by the species Cryptococcus neoformans in patients with impaired immunity. However, there is growing recognition of the importance of the related …
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The Anti-helminthic Compound Mebendazole Has Multiple Antifungal Effects against Cryptococcus neoformans Open
Cryptococcus neoformans is the most lethal pathogen of the central nervous system. The gold standard treatment of cryptococcosis, a combination of amphotericin B with 5-fluorocytosine, involves broad toxicity, high costs, low efficacy, and…
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Role of Sterylglucosidase 1 (Sgl1) on the pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans: potential applications for vaccine development Open
Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii affects a large population and is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. Despite its public health burden, there are currently no vaccines against cryptococc…
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Cryptococcosis Serotypes Impact Outcome and Provide Evidence of Cryptococcus neoformans Speciation Open
Cryptococcus neoformans is a human opportunistic fungal pathogen causing severe disseminated meningoencephalitis, mostly in patients with cellular immune defects. This species is divided into three serotypes: A, D, and the AD hybrid. Our o…
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Adaptive Immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans Infections Open
The Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex is a group of fungal pathogens with different phenotypic and genotypic diversity that cause disease in immunocompromised patients as well as in healthy individuals. The immune…
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Associations between Cryptococcus Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Clinical Parameters of Human Disease: A Review Open
The genus Cryptococcus contains two primary species complexes that are significant opportunistic human fungal pathogens: C. neoformans and C. gattii. In humans, cryptococcosis can manifest in many ways, but most often results in either pul…
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Epidemiology of Cryptococcosis and Cryptococcal Meningitis in a Large Retrospective Cohort of Patients After Solid Organ Transplantation Open
Background Cryptococcosis is the third most common invasive fungal infection in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. There are no nationally representative data describing the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of cryptococcosis aft…
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Environmental Triazole Induces Cross-Resistance to Clinical Drugs and Affects Morphophysiology and Virulence of Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans Open
Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans are environmental fungi that cause cryptococcosis, which is usually treated with amphotericin B and fluconazole. However, therapeutic failure is increasing because of the emergence of resista…
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MLST and Whole-Genome-Based Population Analysis of Cryptococcus gattii VGIII Links Clinical, Veterinary and Environmental Strains, and Reveals Divergent Serotype Specific Sub-populations and Distant Ancestors Open
The emerging pathogen Cryptococcus gattii causes life-threatening disease in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. Of the four major molecular types (VGI-VGIV), the molecular type VGIII has recently emerged as cause of disease in ot…