Dietary Sodium
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Sodium intake and its reduction by food reformulation in the European Union — A review Open
Background: The purpose of this article is to review the current situation with regard to sodium intake in the European Union, provide an update on the efforts being made to reduce the sodium content of food products in various industries …
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Dietary Sodium and Cardiovascular Disease Risk — Measurement Matters Open
The benefit of reducing dietary sodium for lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease has been questioned because some studies have also linked low sodium intake with increased CVD risk. Application of Hill's criteria, however, indicates …
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Association Between Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Blood Pressure Among Adults in the United States Open
Background: Higher levels of sodium and lower levels of potassium intake are associated with higher blood pressure. However, the shape and magnitude of these associations can vary by study participant characteristics or intake assessment m…
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Sources of Sodium in US Adults From 3 Geographic Regions Open
Background: Most US adults consume excess sodium. Knowledge about the dietary sources of sodium intake is critical to the development of effective reduction strategies. Methods: A total of 450 adults were recruited from 3 geographic locati…
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Assessment of dietary sodium intake using a food frequency questionnaire and 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion: a systematic literature review Open
Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are often used to assess dietary sodium intake, although 24‐hour urinary excretion is the most accurate measure of intake. The authors conducted a systematic review to investigate whether FFQs are a rel…
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Dietary Sodium Content, Mortality, and Risk for Cardiovascular Events in Older Adults Open
In older adults, food frequency questionnaire-assessed sodium intake was not associated with 10-year mortality, incident CVD, or incident HF, and consuming greater than 2300 mg/d of sodium was associated with nonsignificantly higher mortal…
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Monosodium glutamate as a tool to reduce sodium in foodstuffs: Technological and safety aspects Open
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most commonly used ingredient to provide salty taste to foods. However, excess sodium in the bloodstream has been associated with the development of several chronic noncommunicable diseases. In order to limit …
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Relation of Dietary Sodium (Salt) to Blood Pressure and Its Possible Modulation by Other Dietary Factors Open
Available data indicate that dietary sodium (as salt) relates directly to blood pressure (BP). Most of these findings are from studies lacking dietary data; hence, it is unclear whether this sodium–BP relationship is modulated by other die…
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Sodium sources in the Japanese diet: difference between generations and sexes Open
Objective Globally, the Na consumption of most people exceeds the WHO recommendation. To be effective, salt reduction programmes require assessment of the dietary sources of Na. Due to methodological difficulties however, comprehensive ass…
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Effect of Dietary Sodium on Blood Pressure Open
Importance Dietary sodium recommendations are debated partly due to variable blood pressure (BP) response to sodium intake. Furthermore, the BP effect of dietary sodium among individuals taking antihypertensive medications is understudied.…
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Sodium Intake Among Persons Aged ≥2 Years — United States, 2013–2014 Open
High sodium consumption can increase hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (1). Reducing sodium intake can lower blood pressure, and sodium reduction in the U.S. population of 40% over 10 years might save at least 2…
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Formulas to Estimate Dietary Sodium Intake From Spot Urine Alter Sodium-Mortality Relationship Open
To study the effect of formulas on the estimation of dietary sodium intake (sodium intake) and its association with mortality, we analyzed the TOHP (Trials of Hypertension Prevention) follow-up data. Sodium intake was assessed by measured …
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Sodium and Its Role in Cardiovascular Disease – The Debate Continues Open
Guidelines have recommended significant reductions in dietary sodium intake to improve cardiovascular health. However, these dietary sodium intake recommendations have been questioned as emerging evidence has shown that there is a higher r…
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Hypertension, Dietary Sodium, and Cognitive Decline: Results From the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study Open
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00685009 and NCT00745056.
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Top Food Category Contributors to Sodium and Potassium Intake — United States, 2015–2016 Open
Most U.S. adults consume too much sodium and not enough potassium (1,2). For apparently healthy U.S. adults aged ≥19 years, guidelines recommend reducing sodium intake that exceeds 2,300 mg/day and consuming at least 3,400 mg/day of potass…
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High dietary sodium reduces brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in humans with salt-sensitive and salt-resistant blood pressure Open
Recent studies demonstrate that high dietary sodium (HS) impairs endothelial function in those with salt-resistant (SR) blood pressure (BP). The effect of HS on endothelial function in those with salt-sensitive (SS) BP is not currently kno…
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Reducing Sodium Intake in Children: A Public Health Investment Open
The antecedents of elevated blood pressure (BP) and its major consequences (cardiovascular disease and stroke) begin in childhood. Higher levels of BP early in life track into adulthood and are associated with subclinical target organ dama…
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Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012 Open
The present study was done to examine the status of dietary sodium intake and dietary sources of sodium among Chinese adults. Data were obtained from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS) 2010–2012. All adults recruited …
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Asian American Dietary Sources of Sodium and Salt Behaviors Compared with Other Racial/Ethnic Groups, NHANES, 2011-2012 Open
Objective: Asian Americans consume more sodium than other racial/ethnic groups. The purpose of this analysis was to describe major sources of sodium intake to inform sodium reduction initiatives. Methods: Cross-sectional data on adults (ag…
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Sodium Intake, Blood Pressure, and Dietary Sources of Sodium in an Adult South Indian Population Open
In a South Indian population, the dietary intake of sodium was higher than recommendations by major dietary guidelines and was an independent predictor of SBP.
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Dietary sodium and fluid intake in heart failure. A clinical consensus statement of the Heart Failure Association of the <span>ESC</span> Open
Sodium and fluid restriction has traditionally been advocated in patients with heart failure (HF) due to their sodium and water avid state. However, most evidence regarding the altered sodium handling, fluid homeostasis and congestion‐rela…
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Examination of food industry progress in reducing the sodium content of packaged foods in Canada: 2010 to 2013 Open
In 2010, as part of a national sodium reduction strategy, Canada published sodium reduction benchmark targets for packaged foods; however, no evaluation of this policy has occurred. The objective was to evaluate changes in the sodium conte…
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Dietary sodium, dietary potassium, and systolic blood pressure in <span>US</span> adolescents Open
Both high sodium and low potassium diets are associated with hypertension, but whether these risk factors are distinct or overlapping has not been thoroughly investigated. The authors evaluated the relationship between dietary sodium, pota…
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Estimated dietary sodium intake in Thailand: A nationwide population survey with 24‐hour urine collections Open
Thailand has committed to reducing population sodium intake by 30% by 2025. However, reliable nationally representative data are unavailable for monitoring progress toward the goal. We estimated dietary sodium consumption using 24‐hour uri…
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Dietary intake of sodium by children: Why it matters Open
Dietary sodium is required in very small amounts to support circulating blood volume and blood pressure (BP). Available nutritional surveillance data suggest that most Canadian children consume sodium in excess of their dietary requirement…
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Apocynin and Tempol ameliorate dietary sodium-induced declines in cutaneous microvascular function in salt-resistant humans Open
It has previously been shown that high dietary salt impairs vascular function independent of changes in blood pressure. Rodent studies suggest that NADPH-derived reactive oxygen species mediate the deleterious effect of high salt on the va…
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Sodium Sensitivity, Sodium Resistance, and Incidence of Hypertension: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study of Dietary Sodium Intervention Open
Cross-sectional studies have reported that high sodium sensitivity is more common among individuals with hypertension. Experimental studies have also reported various animal models with sodium-resistant hypertension. It is unknown, however…
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Contemporary Dietary Intake: Too Much Sodium, Not Enough Potassium, yet Sufficient Iodine: The SALMEX Cohort Results Open
Initiatives to reduce sodium intake are encouraged globally, yet there is concern about compromised iodine intake supplied through salt. The aim of the present study was to determine baseline sodium, potassium, and iodine intake in a sampl…
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Dietary Potassium Attenuates the Effects of Dietary Sodium on Vascular Function in Salt-Resistant Adults Open
The influence of dietary sodium and potassium on blood pressure (BP) has been extensively studied, however their impact on endothelial function, particularly any interactive effects, has received less attention. The purpose of this study w…
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The association between cognitive function and objective adherence to dietary sodium guidelines in patients with heart failure Open
Adherence to urine sodium collection was poor, especially among those with poorer cognitive function. Sodium consumption exceeded recommended amounts and was unrelated to cognitive function. Interventions for improving sodium adherence sho…