Competition policy
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The Return of the Policy That Shall Not Be Named: Principles of Industrial Policy Open
Industrial policy is tainted with bad reputation among policymakers and academics and is often viewed as the road to perdition for developing economies. Yet the success of the Asian Miracles with industrial policy stands as an uncomfortabl…
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Competition and antitrust in Internet markets Open
The rapid rise, enduring growth and success of Internet markets and e-commerce platforms have spurred a lively and sometimes heated debate among academics and policy-makers: do Internet markets foster competition or are they prone to conce…
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How EU Markets Became More Competitive Than US Markets: A Study of Institutional Drift Open
Until the 1990's, US markets were more competitive than European markets. Today, European markets have lower concentration, lower excess profits and lower regulatory barriers to entry. We document this surprising outcome and propose an exp…
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Digital Single Market and the EU Competition Regime: An Explanation of Policy Change Open
Although the EU competition regime is well-established and highly effective, EU policy actors may still need to rethink their tried and tested approach to competition regulation. This is what happened in the context of the European Commiss…
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Differentiated Treatment in Platform-to-Business Relations: EU Competition Law and Economic Dependence Open
Differentiated treatment is a key focus in current competition investigations of the European Commission and national competition authorities, ranging from more prominent placement of one's own services in a ranking to preferential access …
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Merger Policy in Digital Markets: An<i>Ex Post</i>Assessment† Open
This paper presents a broad retrospective evaluation of mergers and merger decisions in markets dominated by multisided digital platforms. First, we document almost 300 acquisitions carried out by three major tech companies—Amazon, Faceboo…
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The IEEE-SA patent policy update under the lens of EU competition law Open
In 2015, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standardization Association made some controversial changes to its patent policy. The changes include a recommended method of calculation of FRAND royalty rates, and a r…
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Innovation, governance, and capabilities: implications for competition policy Open
Oliver Williamson’s contributions to many subfields of economics are salutary. However, he was recognized by the Nobel Laureate Committee primarily for his work on the boundaries (scale and scope) of the firm. This tribute endeavors to mar…
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Cross‐licensing and competition Open
We analyze the competitive effects of bilateral cross‐licensing agreements in a setting with many competing firms. We show that firms can sustain the monopoly outcome if they can sign unconstrained bilateral cross‐licensing contracts. This…
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Disclosure as a tool for enhancing consumer engagement and competition Open
Finding ways to get consumers engaged in markets is a major current topic of debate. This article examines why consumer engagement is so important in driving effective competition in markets. It then considers some key categories of interv…
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The Revival of Fairness Discourse in Competition Policy Open
The resurrection of the free trade–fair trade debate at the international level parallels a renewed pressure to incorporate fairness considerations within domestic competition policies, originating from a perceived reduction in the level o…
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Promoting competition and protecting customers? Regulation of the GB retail energy market 2008–2016 Open
In 1999 the GB retail energy market was open to competition for residential customers. In 2008 Ofgem began a series of regulatory interventions, notably a nondiscrimination condition and subsequently a restriction to four “simple tariffs”.…
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Concentration and competition in U.S. agribusiness Open
This report details issues surrounding market concentration in agribusiness, particularly in three agribusiness sectors where concentration has increased over time: seeds, meatpacking, and food retail. Market concentration and its impact o…
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Data and Competition: A General Framework with Applications to Mergers, Market Structure, and Privacy Policy Open
What role does data play in competition? This question has been at the center of a fierce debate around competition policy in the digital economy. We use a competition-in-utilities approach to provide a general framework for studying the c…
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Towards a Broader View of Competition Policy Open
For over 100 years, competition policy has been a central part of a market economy’s legal framework. Over the past third of a century, however, the scope and effectiveness of competition policy has been narrowed, under the influence of ce…
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Concentration and Competition: Evidence From Europe and Implications For Policy Open
The paper provides new evidence on proxy indicators of market power for major European countries. The data show moderately increasing average industry concentration over the last two decades, a considerably increasing proportion of high-co…
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Four Facts Concerning Competition in US Generic Prescription Drug Markets Open
We establish four facts concerning competition among U.S. generic drug suppliers, using IQVIA's National Sales Perspective™ 2004Q4 - 2016Q3 data. We define a unique product market ("molform"), consisting of the combination of a molecule ac…
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The Art to Make Gatekeeper Positions Contestable and the Challenge to Know What is Fair: A Discussion of the Digital Markets Act Proposal Open
The Commission‘s proposal for a Digital Markets Act (DMA), published on 15 December 2020, is currently reviewed by the European Parliament and the Council. This paper looks at the relationship between the DMA and EU competition law and sug…
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The Evolution of “Competition”: Lessons for 21st Century Telecommunications Policy Open
For over a century, assessments of competition or the lack thereof have been central to how public policy treats the telecommunications industry. This centrality continues today. Yet, numerous foundational questions about this concept pers…
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Business history and European integration: How EEC competition policy affected companies’ strategies Open
This introduction to the special issue on business responses to European competition policy considers the development of research in the field of European competition policy. It is argued that existing analyses have concentrated on the dev…
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Taming regulatory competition : interest groups v. joint decision trap : four EU policy cases on workers mobility Open
Defence date: 18 May 2017
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The new industrial policy: A chance for the BRICS countries Open
This paper is aimed at investigating the ways of overcoming imbalances concerning competition and industrial policies. The central principles of combining industrial and competition policies have been formulated on the basis of a discussio…
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International pro-competition regulation of digital platforms: healthy experimentation or dangerous fragmentation? Open
The increasing dominance of a small number of ‘big tech’ companies, across a range of critical online markets, has led to growing calls for regulation to promote more competition, and to ensure that market power is not exploited unfairly. …
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Antitrust’s Implementation Blind Side: Challenges to Major Expansion of U.S. Competition Policy Open
For several years, a number of commentators have expressed concern that the U.S. has a growing market power problem. Further that dysfunction in the U.S. antitrust institutions, and their failure to protect competition, has damaged the eco…
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Intergovernmental Grants and Policy Competition: Concepts, Institutions, and Evidence Open
Our purpose is three-fold.First, we summarize some of the core insights from both classic and more recent papers in the literature on the role of intergovernmental grants in systems of fiscal federalism.Second, we provide an updated look a…
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EU digital economy competition policy: From <i>ex-post</i> to <i>ex-ante.</i> The case of Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, and Meta Open
Since 2007, the European Commission (EC) has opened numerous competition cases regarding Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, and Meta (AAAM). Enforcement, however, has remained elusive, prompting a new regulatory paradigm in the EU known as the Digit…
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Growth Policy, Agglomeration, and (the Lack of) Competition Open
Industrial clusters are promoted by policy and generally viewed as good for growth and development, but both clusters and policies may also enable non-competitive behavior.This paper studies the presence of non-competitive pricing in geogr…
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Industry 4.0 Significance to competition and the EU competition policy Open
The coming fourth industrial revolution means many inevitable changes in firms' competition and the challenges they pose to industrial and competition policies.Therefore, to examine how it is going to affect competition and competition pol…
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Digital Platforms and Competition Policy: A Business-Ethical Assessment Open
The debate around ‘big tech’ and competition law and policy has gained traction over the past few years – not least because of the various ongoing antitrust investigations in China, Europe, and the U.S. This paper builds on the renewed int…
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Immigration Policy and the Global Competition for AI Talent Open
Current immigration policies may undermine the historic strength of the United States in attracting and retaining international AI talent. This report examines the immigration policies of four U.S. economic competitor nations—the United Ki…